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. 2023 Apr 29;15(5):1093.
doi: 10.3390/v15051093.

Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses Isolated between 2016 and 2017 in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets

Lizheng Guan  1 , Gongxun Zhong  1 , Shufang Fan  1 , Erin M Plisch  1 , Robert Presler  1 , Chunyang Gu  1 , Lavanya Babujee  1 , David Pattinson  1 , Hang Le Khanh Nguyen  2 , Vu Mai Phuong Hoang  2 , Mai Quynh Le  2 , Harm van Bakel  3 , Gabriele Neumann  1 , Yoshihiro Kawaoka  1   4   5   6
Affiliations

Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses Isolated between 2016 and 2017 in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets

Lizheng Guan et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Routine surveillance in live poultry markets in the northern regions of Vietnam from 2016 to 2017 resulted in the isolation of 27 highly pathogenic avian H5N1 and H5N6 viruses of 3 different clades (2.3.2.1c, 2.3.4.4f, and 2.3.4.4g). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of these viruses revealed reassortment with various subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Deep-sequencing identified minor viral subpopulations encoding variants that may affect pathogenicity and sensitivity to antiviral drugs. Interestingly, mice infected with two different clade 2.3.2.1c viruses lost body weight rapidly and succumbed to virus infection, whereas mice infected with clade 2.3.4.4f or 2.3.4.4g viruses experienced non-lethal infections.

Keywords: H5; Vietnam; deep sequencing; influenza virus; mice; surveillance.

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Conflict of interest statement

Y.K. has received speaker’s honoraria from Toyama Chemical and Astellas Inc., grant support from Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Daiichi Sankyo Pharmaceutical, Toyama Chemical, Tauns Laboratories, Inc., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., and Shionogi & Co., Ltd. Y.K. and G.N. are co-founders of FluGen. The other authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Geographic locations of surveillance activities in Vietnamese live bird markets from 2016 to 2017. Left, map of Vietnam with province borders. Right, magnification showing the northern part of Vietnam. The provinces where the samples were isolated are shown in aquamarine. The virus clades are indicated with different symbols; the number of isolates is listed in parentheses. The symbols in the map indicate the different locations at which viruses were collected.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Phylogenetic analysis showing the HA genes of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 and H5N6 influenza viruses isolated in Vietnam from 2016 to 2017. Left panel: The phylogenetic tree of HA genes was rooted to A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (H5N1). Viruses of clades 2.3.2 and 2.3.4 were collapsed and are indicated by purple and red triangles, respectively. Details are shown in the center and right panels. The viruses sequenced in this study are marked in purple (clade 2.3.2.1c) or red and blue (clade 2.3.4.4). Center panel: Clade 2.3.2.1c viruses isolated in this study are shown in purple. Bootstrap values greater than 80% are indicated at the nodes. Right panel: Clade 2.3.4.4f and 2.3.4.4g viruses isolated in this study are shown in red or blue, respectively. Bootstrap values above 80% are indicated at the nodes.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Pathogenicity of representative clade 2.3.2.1c, 2.3.4.4f, and 2.3.4.4g viruses in BALB/c mice. Four mice per group were inoculated intranasally with 104 PFU of the indicated virus and monitored daily for weight loss and mortality. The results shown are mean values ± standard deviations (error bars) from four individual mice.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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