Negative and Positive Emotional Reactivity in Women With and Without a History of Self-Injury

Abstract

In trying to better understand why certain individuals self-injure, researchers have proposed high emotional reactivity for negative emotions may influence vulnerabilities and predispose individuals to react to stressful situations in a dysregulated manner, thus engaging in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, the role of emotional reactivity for positive emotions in those with a history of NSSI is still unclear. Thus, the present study sought to examine group differences in the reactivity of (a) negative and (b) positive emotions in young adults with and without a history of NSSI engagement, and (c) to evaluate whether the reactivity of positive emotions could predict NSSI engagement when controlling for reactivity of negative emotions. The sample consisted of 96 female students who reported engaging in NSSI within the past 2 years (M_age = 20.28 years, SD = 1.65) and an age-matched female comparison group with no NSSI history (M_age = 20.43 years, SD = 1.76). Results from separate MANOVAs indicated individuals with a history of NSSI reported higher negative reactivity across all aspects (emotional intensity, sensitivity, and persistence) than the comparison group, Wilk's λ = .86, F (3,188) = 10.65, p < .001, partial η² = .145; however, no significant differences emerged for positive reactivity, Wilk's λ = .99, F (3,188) = 0.52, p = .669. Moreover, a logistic regression revealed that persistence of negative emotions was the only significant predictor of NSSI, Wald χ² (1) = 4.54, p = .03. The present results highlight the importance of the persistence of negative emotions for individuals who engage in NSSI. Furthermore, the current study provides the first suggestion of no significant differences in positive emotional reactivity between individuals with and without NSSI; underlining the importance of focusing on negative emotional reactivity in clinical practice as well as using positive emotions to "undo" the effect of negative emotions.

Keywords: Self-injury; emotion reactivity; high-risk behavior < suicidal behaviors < sociocultural issues in psychology; mental health < mental & physical health; positive psychology < mental health < mental & physical health.