Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 May 18:2023:9967591.
doi: 10.1155/2023/9967591. eCollection 2023.

Recent Advances in Pyridine Scaffold: Focus on Chemistry, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Activities

Md Badrul Islam  1 , Md Inshaful Islam  1 , Nikhil Nath  2 , Talha Bin Emran  3   4 , Md Rezaur Rahman  5 , Rohit Sharma  6 , Mohammed Mahbubul Matin  1
Affiliations
Review

Recent Advances in Pyridine Scaffold: Focus on Chemistry, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Activities

Md Badrul Islam et al. Biomed Res Int. .

Abstract

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens have created a fatal problem for human health and antimicrobial treatment. Among the currently available antibiotics, many are inactive against MDR pathogens. In this context, heterocyclic compounds/drugs play a vital role. Thus, it is very much essential to explore new research to combat the issue. Of the available nitrogen-bearing heterocyclic compounds/drugs, pyridine derivatives are of special interest due to their solubility. Encouragingly, some of the newly synthesized pyridine compounds/drugs are found to inhibit multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Pyridine scaffold bearing poor basicity generally improves water solubility in pharmaceutically potential molecules and has led to the discovery of numerous broad-spectrum therapeutic agents. Keeping these in mind, we have reviewed the chemistry, recent synthetic techniques, and bacterial preventative activity of pyridine derivatives since 2015. This will facilitate the development of pyridine-based novel antibiotic/drug design in the near future as a versatile scaffold with limited side effects for the next-generation therapeutics.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pyridine scaffold-bearing drugs in therapeutic applications.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Structure, numbering, and active sites of pyridine.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Synthetic route to substituted pyridine ring.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2
Zeolite catalyzed pyridine synthesis.
Scheme 3
Scheme 3
Sn(IV)-catalyzed preparation of substituted pyridines via a MCR reaction.
Scheme 4
Scheme 4
MNPs 11 catalyzed synthesis of 2-amino-4,6-diphenylnicotinonitriles 17.
Scheme 5
Scheme 5
Synthesis of polysubstituted antibacterial 2,3-dihydro-pyridine compounds 25 and 26.
Scheme 6
Scheme 6
NaHCO3 catalyzed substituted pyridines from various unsaturated aldehydes.
Scheme 7
Scheme 7
MW-assisted synthesis of estradiol substituted pyridine 34a, b.
Scheme 8
Scheme 8
Fe-catalyzed green synthesis of pyridines from ketoxime acetates.
Scheme 9
Scheme 9
Synthesis of pyridine-3-thiazole hydrazides 38a-l.
Scheme 10
Scheme 10
Synthesis of pyridine-based sulfa-drugs 41-43.
Scheme 11
Scheme 11
Synthesis of chitosan pyridine-thiosemicarbazones 46a, b.
Scheme 12
Scheme 12
Linear synthesis of 3-(pyridine-3-yl)-2-oxazolidinone derivatives 48.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Structures of N-sulfonyl aminopyridines compound 49-51.
Scheme 13
Scheme 13
HClO4·SiO2 catalyzed synthesis of 2-(phenyl)oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine 54.
Scheme 14
Scheme 14
Pd-catalyzed synthesis of substituted quinolines.
Scheme 15
Scheme 15
Synthesis of pyrazolopyridines applying Fe3O4@MIL-101(Cr)-N(CH2PO3)2 catalyst.
Scheme 16
Scheme 16
Synthesis of pyridines via aza-Diels-Alder strategy.
Scheme 17
Scheme 17
Synthesis of fused pyridine compounds.
Scheme 18
Scheme 18
Synthesis of benzo[b]pyridines 72 and pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines 75.
Scheme 19
Scheme 19
Green synthesis of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine catalyzed by plant extracts.
Scheme 20
Scheme 20
Green synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in presence of activated fly ash.
Scheme 21
Scheme 21
γ-Fe2O3@HAp-TUD mediated synthesis of chromeno[2,3-b]pyridines 81.
Scheme 22
Scheme 22
Synthesis of 85 using microwave-assisted cycloaddition.
Scheme 23
Scheme 23
Synthesis of substituted thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one 87.
Figure 4
Figure 4
EWG and EDG effects of the substituents in different pyridine scaffold.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Dhavale D. D., Matin M. M. Selective sulfonylation of 4- C-hydroxymethyl-β-l-threo-pento-1,4-furanose: synthesis of bicyclic diazasugars. Tetrahedron . 2004;60(19):4275–4281. doi: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.03.034. - DOI
    1. Matin M. M., Sharma T., Sabharwal S. G., Dhavale D. D. Synthesis and evaluation of the glycosidase inhibitory activity of 5-hydroxy substituted isofagomine analogues. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry . 2005;3(9):1702–1707. doi: 10.1039/b418283a. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Matin M. M., Matin P., Rahman M. R., et al. Triazoles and their derivatives: chemistry, synthesis, and therapeutic applications. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences . 2022;9, article 864286 doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.864286. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Albratty M., Alhazmi H. A. Novel pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives as promising anticancer agents: a review. Arabian Journal of Chemistry . 2022;15(6, article 103846) doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103846. - DOI
    1. Ling Y., Hao Z.-Y., Liang D., Zhang C. L., Liu Y. F., Wang Y. The expanding role of pyridine and dihydropyridine scaffolds in drug design. Drug Design, Development and Therapy . 2021;15:4289–4338. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S329547. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

MeSH terms