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. 2023 May 11:10:1067626.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1067626. eCollection 2023.

Association between poverty and children's working memory abilities in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Hari Wahyu Nugroho  1 , Harsono Salimo  1 , Hartono Hartono  1 , Moh Abdul Hakim  1 , Ari Probandari  2
Affiliations

Association between poverty and children's working memory abilities in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Hari Wahyu Nugroho et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

Introduction: Working memory is critical in cognitive skills, especially among children. Children's ability to count and complete cognitive tasks are strongly associated with working memory abilities. Recent studies indicated that in addition to health factors, socioeconomic status also has a significant impact on children's working memory capacity. Despite these, evidence on the effects of socioeconomic status on working memory from developing countries yielded a somewhat puzzling picture.

Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide a comprehensive summary of the recent evidence concerning the socioeconomic status determinants of children's working memory in developing countries. We searched via Cochrane library, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and ProQuest. The initial search terms were ["socioeconomic", "socio-economic", "socioeconomic status", "socio-economic status", "income", "poverty", "disadvantaged", "disparity"] AND ["working memory", "short term memory", "short-term memory", "cognitive", "achievement", "performance"] AND ["child*", "school child*"]. Odds ratio (for categorical outcome data) or standardized mean differences (for continuous data) and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated from the data generated.

Results: This meta-analysis included five studies from 4 developing countries with a total of 4,551 subjects. Poverty was associated with a lower working memory score (OR: 3.12; 95% CI: 2.66, 3.65; p < 0.001). Another finding from 2 studies in this meta-analysis was that low mother education was associated with a lower score of working memory (OR: 3.26, 95% CI: 2.86, 3.71; p < 0.001).

Discussion: Poverty and low level of mothers' education were significant risk factors for lowering working memory among children in developing countries.

Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42021270683.

Keywords: children; developing countries; poverty; socioeconomic status; working memory.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA 2009 flow diagram for all included studies.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Meta-analysis of the association between mother education and working memory disorder (sorted by effect size). CI, Confidence Interval.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Meta-analysis of the association between socioeconomic status and working memory disorder (sorted by effect size). CI, Confidence Interval.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Funnel plot illustrating publication bias associoeconomic statussment for socioeconomic status as risk factor for working memory disorder.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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