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. 2023 Feb 20:219:121-144.
doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.219.95872. eCollection 2023.

A new, disjunct species of Bahiana (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae): Phytogeographic connections between the seasonally dry tropical forests of Peru and Brazil, and a review of spinescence in the family

Kenneth J Wurdack  1
Affiliations

A new, disjunct species of Bahiana (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae): Phytogeographic connections between the seasonally dry tropical forests of Peru and Brazil, and a review of spinescence in the family

Kenneth J Wurdack. PhytoKeys. .

Abstract

Bahiana is expanded from 1 to 2 species with the description of B.occidentalis K. Wurdack, sp. nov. as a new endemic of the seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) of Peru. The disjunct distribution of Bahiana with populations of B.occidentalis on opposite sides of the Andes in northwestern Peru (Tumbes, San Martín) and B.pyriformis in eastern Brazil (Bahia) adds to the phytogeographic links among the widely scattered New World SDTFs. Although B.occidentalis remains imperfectly known due to the lack of flowering collections, molecular phylogenetic results from four loci (plastid matK, rbcL, and trnL-F; and nuclear ITS) unite the two species as does gross vegetative morphology, notably their spinose stipules, and androecial structure. Spinescence in Euphorbiaceae was surveyed and found on vegetative organs in 25 genera, which mostly have modified sharp branch tips. Among New World taxa, spines that originate from stipule modifications only occur in Bahiana and Acidocroton, while the intrastipular spines of Philyra are of uncertain homologies.

Keywords: Biogeography; Huancabamba Depression; SDTF; molecular phylogeny; spines; taxonomy.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Phylogenetic relationships of Bahiana and its Acalyphoideae relatives. Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus tree based on the combined 2-marker (rbcL, trnL-F), 96-tip data set with posterior probability/ML bootstrap values indicated, respectively. NP = an edge not present with ML.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Phylogenetic relationships of Bahiana and its Bernardia clade relatives. Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus tree based on the combined 4-marker (matK, petD, trnL-F, ITS), 42-tip data set with posterior probability/ML bootstrap values indicated, respectively.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Illustration of BahianaoccidentalisA habit B shoot tip with spinose stipules C staminate inflorescence in bud D androecium E staminate bract F staminate bractlet G fruit H fruit valve (coccus) I columella J seed (ventral). Sources: A, B, H–JC. Díaz et al. 6288, US C–FC. Díaz et al. 6148, MO GC. Díaz et al. 7340, MO.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Distribution of Bahiana in northern South America (triangle, B.occidentalis; circle, B.pyriformis). Each marker represents multiple collections. Southern limit of the Amotape–Huancabamba zone is beyond the boundary of lower map.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Morphology of BahianaoccidentalisA anther ventral B stamen dorsal C androecium with outer stamens removed to show hirsute receptacle (young bud) D stipule inner structure (split longitudinally) E leaf gland (abaxial) F leaf surface with prismatic crystals poking through epidermis along veins (adaxial) G leaf acarodomatia bounded by primary and secondary veins (abaxial) H leaf acarodomatium (clearing) I leaf gland with crystal along vein indicated by arrow (clearing) J whole leaf (clearing; tiled from 418 images) K glandular tooth at leaf margin (clearing) A–GSEMH, J brightfield LMI, K darkfield LM; sources A–CC. Díaz S. et al. 5522, MO DC. Díaz S. et al. 6148, MO E–KC. Díaz S. et al. 6288, US.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Diversity of spiny structures on EuphorbiaceaeA spinose stipules and protected terminal resting bud (Bahianaoccidentalis, C. Díaz S. et al. 5072, MO) B spinose stipules subtending leafy fascicles (Acidocrotonlitoralis, G. Proctor 10991, US) C spinose stipules as clear pairs associated with each fascicle leaf (Acidocrotonverrucosus, G. Webster et al. 8463, US) D spinose branch tips (Sebastianiapicardae, E. Ekman 2229, US) E spiny emergences along primary vein (abaxial, Caperoniabuettneriacea, G. Hatschbach 6394, US) F intrastipular spine development (sequentially 1–3) in Philyra below stipule pairs at shoot tip (P.brasiliensis, A. Gentry et al. 51884, MO) G spiny emergences on trunk (Huracrepitans) H spiny leaf margins, p = site of petiole attachment below gland (Hippomanehorrida, A. Liogier 14212, US) I intrastipular spines mature and lignified in Philyra (same branch as F).
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