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. 2023 May 31;5(5):CD014513.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014513.

Quality improvement strategies for diabetes care: Effects on outcomes for adults living with diabetes

Kristin J Konnyu  1 , Sharlini Yogasingam  1 , Johanie Lépine  1 , Katrina Sullivan  1 , Mostafa Alabousi  2 , Alun Edwards  3 , Michael Hillmer  4 , Sathya Karunananthan  1   5 , John N Lavis  6 , Stefanie Linklater  1 , Braden J Manns  7 , David Moher  1 , Sameh Mortazhejri  1   8 , Samir Nazarali  9 , P Alison Paprica  10 , Timothy Ramsay  1 , Paul MacDaragh Ryan  11 , Peter Sargious  3 , Kaveh G Shojania  12 , Sharon E Straus  13 , Marcello Tonelli  7 , Andrea Tricco  13   14   15 , Brigitte Vachon  16 , Catherine Hy Yu  17 , Michael Zahradnik  1 , Thomas A Trikalinos  18 , Jeremy M Grimshaw  1   19 , Noah Ivers  20
Affiliations

Quality improvement strategies for diabetes care: Effects on outcomes for adults living with diabetes

Kristin J Konnyu et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: There is a large body of evidence evaluating quality improvement (QI) programmes to improve care for adults living with diabetes. These programmes are often comprised of multiple QI strategies, which may be implemented in various combinations. Decision-makers planning to implement or evaluate a new QI programme, or both, need reliable evidence on the relative effectiveness of different QI strategies (individually and in combination) for different patient populations.

Objectives: To update existing systematic reviews of diabetes QI programmes and apply novel meta-analytical techniques to estimate the effectiveness of QI strategies (individually and in combination) on diabetes quality of care.

Search methods: We searched databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL) and trials registers (ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP) to 4 June 2019. We conducted a top-up search to 23 September 2021; we screened these search results and 42 studies meeting our eligibility criteria are available in the awaiting classification section.

Selection criteria: We included randomised trials that assessed a QI programme to improve care in outpatient settings for people living with diabetes. QI programmes needed to evaluate at least one system- or provider-targeted QI strategy alone or in combination with a patient-targeted strategy. - System-targeted: case management (CM); team changes (TC); electronic patient registry (EPR); facilitated relay of clinical information (FR); continuous quality improvement (CQI). - Provider-targeted: audit and feedback (AF); clinician education (CE); clinician reminders (CR); financial incentives (FI). - Patient-targeted: patient education (PE); promotion of self-management (PSM); patient reminders (PR). Patient-targeted QI strategies needed to occur with a minimum of one provider or system-targeted strategy.

Data collection and analysis: We dual-screened search results and abstracted data on study design, study population and QI strategies. We assessed the impact of the programmes on 13 measures of diabetes care, including: glycaemic control (e.g. mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)); cardiovascular risk factor management (e.g. mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), proportion of people living with diabetes that quit smoking or receiving cardiovascular medications); and screening/prevention of microvascular complications (e.g. proportion of patients receiving retinopathy or foot screening); and harms (e.g. proportion of patients experiencing adverse hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia). We modelled the association of each QI strategy with outcomes using a series of hierarchical multivariable meta-regression models in a Bayesian framework. The previous version of this review identified that different strategies were more or less effective depending on baseline levels of outcomes. To explore this further, we extended the main additive model for continuous outcomes (HbA1c, SBP and LDL-C) to include an interaction term between each strategy and average baseline risk for each study (baseline thresholds were based on a data-driven approach; we used the median of all baseline values reported in the trials). Based on model diagnostics, the baseline interaction models for HbA1c, SBP and LDL-C performed better than the main model and are therefore presented as the primary analyses for these outcomes. Based on the model results, we qualitatively ordered each QI strategy within three tiers (Top, Middle, Bottom) based on its magnitude of effect relative to the other QI strategies, where 'Top' indicates that the QI strategy was likely one of the most effective strategies for that specific outcome. Secondary analyses explored the sensitivity of results to choices in model specification and priors. Additional information about the methods and results of the review are available as Appendices in an online repository. This review will be maintained as a living systematic review; we will update our syntheses as more data become available.

Main results: We identified 553 trials (428 patient-randomised and 125 cluster-randomised trials), including a total of 412,161 participants. Of the included studies, 66% involved people living with type 2 diabetes only. Participants were 50% female and the median age of participants was 58.4 years. The mean duration of follow-up was 12.5 months. HbA1c was the commonest reported outcome; screening outcomes and outcomes related to cardiovascular medications, smoking and harms were reported infrequently. The most frequently evaluated QI strategies across all study arms were PE, PSM and CM, while the least frequently evaluated QI strategies included AF, FI and CQI. Our confidence in the evidence is limited due to a lack of information on how studies were conducted. Four QI strategies (CM, TC, PE, PSM) were consistently identified as 'Top' across the majority of outcomes. All QI strategies were ranked as 'Top' for at least one key outcome. The majority of effects of individual QI strategies were modest, but when used in combination could result in meaningful population-level improvements across the majority of outcomes. The median number of QI strategies in multicomponent QI programmes was three. Combinations of the three most effective QI strategies were estimated to lead to the below effects: - PR + PSM + CE: decrease in HbA1c by 0.41% (credibility interval (CrI) -0.61 to -0.22) when baseline HbA1c < 8.3%; - CM + PE + EPR: decrease in HbA1c by 0.62% (CrI -0.84 to -0.39) when baseline HbA1c > 8.3%; - PE + TC + PSM: reduction in SBP by 2.14 mmHg (CrI -3.80 to -0.52) when baseline SBP < 136 mmHg; - CM + TC + PSM: reduction in SBP by 4.39 mmHg (CrI -6.20 to -2.56) when baseline SBP > 136 mmHg; - TC + PE + CM: LDL-C lowering of 5.73 mg/dL (CrI -7.93 to -3.61) when baseline LDL < 107 mg/dL; - TC + CM + CR: LDL-C lowering by 5.52 mg/dL (CrI -9.24 to -1.89) when baseline LDL > 107 mg/dL. Assuming a baseline screening rate of 50%, the three most effective QI strategies were estimated to lead to an absolute improvement of 33% in retinopathy screening (PE + PR + TC) and 38% absolute increase in foot screening (PE + TC + Other).

Authors' conclusions: There is a significant body of evidence about QI programmes to improve the management of diabetes. Multicomponent QI programmes for diabetes care (comprised of effective QI strategies) may achieve meaningful population-level improvements across the majority of outcomes. For health system decision-makers, the evidence summarised in this review can be used to identify strategies to include in QI programmes. For researchers, this synthesis identifies higher-priority QI strategies to examine in further research regarding how to optimise their evaluation and effects. We will maintain this as a living systematic review.

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Conflict of interest statement

Mostafa Alabousi: none known.

Alun Edwards: none known.

Jeremy Grimshaw: Canada Research Chairs (Grant/Contract); Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Grant/Contract); Co‐ordinating Editor of the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care group (1997‐2015) and currently an Emeritus Editor; involved with Diabetes UK, Northern and Yorkshire Regional NHS R&D Office, CIHR ‐ Knowledge Translation Improved Clinical Effectiveness Behavioral Research Group (KT‐ICEBeRG), see Eccles 2007, Ivers 2013, Presseau 2018.

Michael Hillmer: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long‐Term Care (Employment).

Noah Ivers: Merck (Consultant); Novo Nordisk (Consultant); works as a health professional at Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; affiliated to Diabetes Canada; editorial role with Cochrane EPOC; involved with CIHR as principal investigator.

Sathya Karunananthan: none known.

Kristin Konnyu: none known.

John Lavis: none known.

Johanie Lepine: none known.

Stefanie Linklater: none known.

Braden Manns: no relevant interests; works as a physician who sees patients with diabetes and kidney disease (salaried physician).

David Moher: none known.

Sameh Mortazhejri: none known.

Samir Nazarali: none known.

P. Alison Paprica: none known.

Timothy Ramsay: none known.

Paul MacDaragh Ryan: no relevant interests; Paediatrics Resident, University of Toronto/The Hospital for Sick Children.

Peter Sargious: Alberta Health Services (Senior Medical Director); published op‐ep in CMAJ related to impact of Strategic Clinical Network on improving diabetes care; Physician (General Internist) with academic outpatient practice in diabetes.

Kaveh Shojania: none known.

Sharon Straus: no relevant interests; Physician‐in‐Chief, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto 30 Bond Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8.

Katrina Sullivan: none known.

Marcell Tonelli: AstraZeneca (lectures); Section Editor, Uptodate (Wolters Klewer Health, Inc.); works as a nephrologist.

Andrea Tricco: none known.

Thomas Trikalinos: Pacira Pharmaceuticals Incorporated (Expert Witness).

Brigitte Vachon: none known.

Sharlini Yogasingam: none known.

Catherine Yu: no relevant interests; Endocrinologist, St. Michael's Hospital.

Michael Zahradnik: none known.

Figures

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Process figure for identifying and correcting unit of analysis errors.
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Risk of bias graph
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Risk of bias summary
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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    1. Cani CG, Lopes Lda S, Queiroz M, Nery M. Improvement in medication adherence and self-management of diabetes with a clinical pharmacy program: a randomized controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing insulin therapy at a teaching hospital. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015;70(2):102-6. - PMC - PubMed
Carlson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Carlson A, Rosenqvist U. Diabetes care organization, process, and patient outcomes: effects of a diabetes control program. The Diabetes Educator 1991;17:42-8. - PubMed
Carter 2009 {published data only}
    1. Carter B L, Ardery G, Dawson J D, James P A, Bergus G R, Doucette W R, et al. Physician and pharmacist collaboration to improve blood pressure control. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(21):1996-2002. - PMC - PubMed
Carter 2011 {published data only}
    1. Carter E L, Nunlee-Bland G, Callender C. A patient-centric, provider-assisted diabetes telehealth self-management intervention for urban minorities. Perspectives in Health Information Management 2011;8:1b. - PMC - PubMed
Carter 2018 {published data only}
    1. Carter B L, Levy B, Gryzlak B, Xu Y, Chrischilles E, Dawson J, et al. Cluster-randomized trial to evaluate a centralized clinical pharmacy service in private family medicine offices. Circulation. Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes 2018;11(6):e004188. - PMC - PubMed
Castejon 2013 {published data only}
    1. Castejon A M, Calderon J L, Perez A, Millar C, McLaughlin-Middlekauff J, Sangasubana N, et al. A community-based pilot study of a diabetes pharmacist intervention in Latinos: impact on weight and hemoglobin A1c. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2013;24(4 Suppl):48-60. - PubMed
Chamany 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chamany S, Walker EA, Schechter CB, Gonzalez JS, Davis NJ, Ortega FM, et al. Telephone intervention to improve diabetes control: a randomized trial in the New York City A1c registry. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015;49(6):832-41. - PMC - PubMed
Chan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chan J C, So W Y, Yeung C Y, Ko G T, Lau I T, Tsang M W, et al. Effects of structured versus usual care on renal endpoint in type 2 diabetes: the SURE study: a randomized multicenter translational study. Diabetes Care 2009;32(6):977-82. - PMC - PubMed
Chan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chan C W, Siu S C, Wong C K, Lee V W. A pharmacist care program: positive impact on cardiac risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2012;17(1):57-64. - PubMed
Chan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chan J C, Sui Y, Oldenburg B, Zhang Y, Chung H H, Goggins W, et al. Effects of telephone-based peer support in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving integrated care: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2014;174(6):972-81. - PubMed
Chao 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chao J, Yang L, Xu H, Yu Q, Jiang L, Zong M. The effect of integrated health management model on the health of older adults with diabetes in a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2015;60(1):82-8. - PubMed
Chao 2019 {published data only}
    1. Chao D Y, Lin T M, Ma W Y. Enhanced self-efficacy and behavioral changes among patients with diabetes: cloud-based mobile health platform and mobile app service. JMIR Diabetes 2019;4(2):e11017. - PMC - PubMed
Charpentier 2011 {published data only}
    1. Charpentier G, Benhamou P Y, Dardari D, Clergeot A, Franc S, Schaepelynck-Belicar P, et al. The Diabeo software enabling individualized insulin dose adjustments combined with telemedicine support improves HbA1c in poorly controlled type 1 diabetic patients: a 6-month, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, multicenter trial (TeleDiab 1 Study). Diabetes Care 2011;34(3):533-9. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chen J H, Ou H T, Lin T C, Lai E C, Kao Y H. Pharmaceutical care of elderly patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 2016;38:88-95. - PubMed
Cho 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cho J H, Chang S A, Kwon H S, Choi Y H, Ko S H, Moon S D, et al. Long-term effect of the Internet-based glucose monitoring system on HbA1c reduction and glucose stability: a 30-month follow-up study for diabetes management with a ubiquitous medical care system. Diabetes Care 2006;29(12):2625-31. - PubMed
Cho 2009 {published data only}
    1. Cho J H, Lee H C, Lim D J, Kwon H S, Yoon K H. Mobile communication using a mobile phone with a glucometer for glucose control in type 2 patients with diabetes: as effective as an Internet-based glucose monitoring system. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2009;15(2):77-82. - PubMed
Cho 2011a {published data only}
    1. Cho J H, Choi Y H, Kim H S, Lee J H, Yoon K H. Effectiveness and safety of a glucose data-filtering system with automatic response software to reduce the physician workload in managing type 2 diabetes. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2011;17(5):257-62. - PubMed
Cho 2011b {published data only}
    1. Cho J H, Kwon H S, Kim H S, Oh J A, Yoon K H. Effects on diabetes management of a health-care provider mediated, remote coaching system via a PDA-type glucometer and the Internet. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2011;17(7):365-70. - PubMed
Cho 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cho J H, Kim H S, Yoo S H, Jung C H, Lee W J, Park C Y, et al. An Internet-based health gateway device for interactive communication and automatic data uploading: Clinical efficacy for type 2 diabetes in a multi-centre trial. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare 2017;23(6):595-604. - PubMed
Choe 2005 {published data only}
    1. Choe H M, Mitrovich S, Dubay D, Hayward R A, Krein S L, Vijan S. Proactive case management of high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by a clinical pharmacist: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Managed Care 2005;11(4):253-60. - PubMed
Choudhry 2018 {published data only}
    1. Choudhry N K, Isaac T, Lauffenburger J C, Gopalakrishnan C, Lee M, Vachon A, et al. Effect of a remotely delivered tailored multicomponent approach to enhance medication taking for patients with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes: The STIC2IT Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2018;178(9):1182-9. - PMC - PubMed
Christian 2008 {published data only}
    1. Christian J G, Bessesen D H, Byers T E, Christian K K, Goldstein M G, Bock B C. Clinic-based support to help overweight patients with type 2 diabetes increase physical activity and lose weight. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(2):141-6. - PubMed
Chung 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chung W W, Chua S S, Lai P S M, Chan S P. Effects of a pharmaceutical care model on medication adherence and glycemic control of people with type 2 diabetes. Patient Preference and Adherence 2014;8:1185-94. - PMC - PubMed
Chwastiak 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chwastiak L A, Luongo M, Russo J, Johnson L, Lowe J M, Hoffman G, et al. Use of a mental health center collaborative care team to improve diabetes care and outcomes for patients with psychosis. Psychiatric Services 2018;69(3):349-52. - PubMed
Ciria de Pablo 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ciria de Pablo C, Moreno Palanco MA, Ibáñez Sanz P, Sánchez Luis C, Pizarro Portillo A, Suárez Fernández C. Control of risk factor in diabetic patients in secondary prevention. MIRVAS Study. Revista Clinica Espanola 2008;208(3):118-23. - PubMed
Clancy 2003 {published data only}
    1. Clancy D E, Brown S B, Magruder K M, Huang P. Group visits in medically and economically disadvantaged patients with type 2 diabetes and their relationships to clinical outcomes. Topics in Health Information Management 2003;24(1):8-14. - PubMed
Clancy 2007 {published data only}
    1. Clancy D E, Huang P, Okonofua E, Yeager D, Magruder K M. Group visits: promoting adherence to diabetes guidelines. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2007;22(5):620-4. - PMC - PubMed
Cleveringa 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cleveringa F G, Gorter K J, den Donk M, Rutten G E. Combined task delegation, computerized decision support, and feedback improve cardiovascular risk for type 2 diabetic patients: a cluster randomized trial in primary care. Diabetes Care 2008;31(12):2273-5. - PMC - PubMed
Clifford 2002 {published data only}
    1. Clifford R M, Batty K T, Davis T M, Davis W, Stein G, Stewart G, et al. A randomised controlled trial of a pharmaceutical care programme in high-risk diabetic patients in an outpatient clinic. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2002;10:85-9.
Clifford 2005 {published data only}
    1. Clifford R M, Davis W A, Batty K T, Davis T M. Effect of a pharmaceutical care program on vascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 2005;28(4):771-6. - PubMed
Cohen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Cohen L B, Taveira T H, Khatana S A, Dooley A G, Pirraglia P A, Wu W C. Pharmacist-led shared medical appointments for multiple cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educator 2011;37(6):801-12. - PubMed
Cohen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Cohen L B, Taveira T H, Wu W C, Pirraglia P A. Pharmacist-led telehealth disease management for patients with diabetes and depression. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare 2019;26(5):294-302. - PubMed
Crasto 2011 {published data only}
    1. Crasto W, Jarvis J, Khunti K, Skinner T C, Gray L J, Brela J, et al. Multifactorial intervention in individuals with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria: the Microalbuminuria Education and Medication Optimisation (MEMO) study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2011;93(3):328-36. - PubMed
Crowley 2013 {published data only}
    1. Crowley M J, Powers B J, Olsen M K, Grubber J M, Koropchak C, Rose C M, et al. The Cholesterol, Hypertension, And Glucose Education (CHANGE) study: results from a randomized controlled trial in African Americans with diabetes. American Heart Journal 2013;166(1):179-86. - PubMed
Crowley 2016 {published data only}
    1. Crowley M J, Edelman D, McAndrew A T, Kistler S, Danus S, Webb J A, et al. Practical telemedicine for veterans with persistently poor diabetes control: a randomized pilot trial. Telemedicine and e-Health 2016;22(5):376-84. - PubMed
Cummings 2019 {published data only}
    1. Cummings D M, Lutes L D, Littlewood K, Solar C, Carraway M, Kirian K, et al. Randomized trial of a tailored cognitive behavioral intervention in type 2 diabetes with comorbid depressive and/or regimen-related distress symptoms: 12-month outcomes from COMRADE. Diabetes Care 2019;42(5):841-8. - PubMed
D'Souza 2019 {published data only}
    1. D'Souza M S, Karkada S N, Labrague L J, Ali Ammouri A A. How do multi-modality strategies affect outcomes in T2D using a randomized control trial? Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 2019;7(4):578-85.
Dai 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dai Limin, Huo Xiaorong, Mo Yongzhen. Application and effect evaluation on Internet + home care mobile APP in patients with type 2 diabetes in young and middle-age. Chinese Nursing Research 2018;32(20):3207-12.
Dale 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dale J, Caramlau I, Sturt J, Friede T, Walker R. Telephone peer-delivered intervention for diabetes motivation and support: the telecare exploratory RCT. Patient Education and Counseling 2009;75(1):91-8. - PubMed
Dario 2017 {published data only}
    1. Dario C, Toffanin R, Calcaterra F, Saccavini C, Stafylas P, Mancin S, et al. Telemonitoring of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Italy. Telemedicine and e-Health 2017;23(2):143-52. - PubMed
Davidson 2005 {published data only}
    1. Davidson M B, Castellanos M, Kain D, Duran P. The effect of self monitoring of blood glucose concentrations on glycated hemoglobin levels in diabetic patients not taking insulin: a blinded, randomized trial. American Journal of Medicine 2005;118(4):422-5. - PubMed
Davis 2003 {published data only}
    1. Davis R M, Fowler S, Bellis K, Pockl J, Al Pakalnis V, Woldorf A. Telemedicine improves eye examination rates in individuals with diabetes: a model for eye-care delivery in underserved communities. Diabetes Care 2003;26(8):2476. - PubMed
Davis 2010 {published data only}
    1. Davis R M, Hitch A D, Salaam M M, Herman W H, Zimmer-Galler I E, Mayer-Davis E J. TeleHealth improves diabetes self-management in an underserved community: diabetes TeleCare. Diabetes Care 2010;33(8):1712-7. - PMC - PubMed
Debussche 2012 {published data only}
    1. Debussche X, Rollot O, Le Pommelet C, Fianu A, Le Moullec N, Regnier C, et al. Quarterly individual outpatients lifestyle counseling after initial inpatients education on type 2 diabetes: the REDIA Prev-2 randomized controlled trial in Reunion Island. Diabetes & Metabolism 2012;38(1):46-53. - PubMed
De Greef 2010 {published data only}
    1. De Greef K, Deforche B, Tudor-Locke C, De Bourdeaudhuij I. A cognitive-behavioural pedometer-based group intervention on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Health Education Research 2010;25(5):724-36. - PMC - PubMed
De Greef 2011 {published data only}
    1. De Greef K, Deforche B, Tudor-Locke C, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Increasing physical activity in Belgian type 2 diabetes patients: a three-arm randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2011;18(3):188-98. - PubMed
Del Prato 2012 {published data only}
    1. Del Prato S, Nicolucci A, Lovagnini-Scher A C, Turco S, Leotta S, Vespasiani G. Telecare Provides comparable efficacy to conventional self-monitored blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes titrating one injection of insulin glulisine-the ELEONOR study. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2012;14(2):175-82. - PubMed
Denver 2003 {published data only}
    1. Denver E A, Barnard M, Woolfson R G, Earle K A. Management of uncontrolled hypertension in a nurse-led clinic compared with conventional care for patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2256‐60. - PubMed
DePue 2013 {published data only}
    1. DePue J D, Dunsiger S, Seiden A D, Blume J, Rosen R K, Goldstein M G, et al. Nurse-community health worker team improves diabetes care in American Samoa: results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2013;36(7):1947-53. - PMC - PubMed
de Vries McClintock 2016 {published data only}
    1. de Vries McClintock, H F, Boyle K B, Rooney K, Bogner H R. Diabetes and depression care: a randomized controlled pilot trial. American Journal of Health Behavior 2016;40(4):503-13. - PubMed
de Wit 2018 {published data only}
    1. Wit M, Rondags Smpa, Tulder M W, Snoek F J, Bosmans J E. Cost-effectiveness of the psycho-educational blended (group and online) intervention HypoAware compared with usual care for people with type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes with problematic hypoglycaemia: analyses of a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Medicine 2018;35(2):214-22. - PubMed
Dickinson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dickinson W P, Dickinson L M, Nutting P A, Emsermann C B, Tutt B, Crabtree B F, et al. Practice facilitation to improve diabetes care in primary care: a report from the EPIC randomized clinical trial. Annals of Family Medicine 2014;12(1):8-16. - PMC - PubMed
Dijkstra 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dijkstra R F, Braspenning J C, Huijsmans Z, Akkermans R P, Ballegooie E, ten Have P, et al. Introduction of diabetes passports involving both patients and professionals to improve hospital outpatient diabetes care. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2005;68(2):126-34. - PubMed
Dijkstra 2008 {published data only}
    1. Dijkstra R, Braspenning J, Grol R. Implementing diabetes passports to focus practice reorganization on improving diabetes care. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2008;20(1):72-7. - PubMed
Dinneen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dinneen S F, O'Hara M C, Byrne M, Smith D, Courtney C H, McGurk C, et al. Group follow-up compared to individual clinic visits after structured education for type 1 diabetes: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2013;100(1):29-38. - PubMed
Döbler 2018 {published data only}
    1. Döbler A, Herbeck Belnap B, Pollmann H, Farin E, Raspe H, Mittag O. Telephone-delivered lifestyle support with action planning and motivational interviewing techniques to improve rehabilitation outcomes. Rehabilitation Psychology 2018;63(2):170-81. - PubMed
Dobson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dobson R, Whittaker R, Jiang Y, Maddison R, Shepherd M, McNamara C, et al. Effectiveness of text message based, diabetes self management support programme (SMS4BG): two arm, parallel randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2018;361:k1959. - PMC - PubMed
Donohoe 2000 {published data only}
    1. Donohoe M E, Fletton J A, Hook A, Powell R, Robinson I, Stead J W, et al. Improving foot care for people with diabetes mellitus--a randomized controlled trial of an integrated care approach. Diabetic Medicine 2000;17(8):581-7. - PubMed
Doucette 2009 {published data only}
    1. Doucette W R, Witry M J, Farris K B, McDonough R P. Community pharmacist-provided extended diabetes care. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2009;43(5):882-9. - PubMed
Duran 2008 {published data only}
    1. Duran A, Runkle I, Matia P, Miguel M P, Garrido S, Cervera E, et al. Family physician and endocrinologist coordination as the basis for diabetes care in clinical practice. BMC Endocrine Disorders 2008;8:9. - PMC - PubMed
Eakin 2013 {published data only}
    1. Eakin E G, Reeves M M, Winkler E, Healy G N, Dunstan D W, Owen N, et al. Six-month outcomes from living well with diabetes: a randomized trial of a telephone-delivered weight loss and physical activity intervention to improve glycemic control. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2013;46(2):193-203. - PubMed
Earle 2010 {published data only}
    1. Earle K A, Istepanian R S, Zitouni K, Sungoor A, Tang B. Mobile telemonitoring for achieving tighter targets of blood pressure control in patients with complicated diabetes: a pilot study. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2010;12(7):575-9. - PubMed
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Eccles 2007 {published data only}
    1. Eccles MP, Whitty PM, Speed C, Steen IN, Vanoli A, Hawthorne GC, et al. A pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial of a Diabetes REcall And Management system: the DREAM trial. Implementation Science 2007;2:6. - PMC - PubMed
Edelman 2015 {published data only}
    1. Edelman D, Dolor RJ, Coffman CJ, Pereira KC, Granger BB, Lindquist JH, et al. Nurse-led behavioral management of diabetes and hypertension in community practices: a randomized trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2015;30(5):626-33. - PMC - PubMed
Egede 2017 {published data only}
    1. Egede L E, Williams J S, Voronca D C, Knapp R G, Fernandes J K. Randomized controlled trial of technology-assisted case management in low income adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2017;19(8):476-82. - PubMed
Ell 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ell K, Katon W, Xie B, Lee P J, Kapetanovic S, Guterman J, et al. Collaborative care management of major depression among low-income, predominantly Hispanic subjects with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2010;33(4):706-13. - PMC - PubMed
Emerson 2016 {published data only}
    1. Emerson JF, Welch M, Rossman WE, Carek S, Ludden T, Templin M, Moore CG, et al. A multidisciplinary intervention utilizing virtual communication tools to reduce health disparities: a pilot randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016;13(1):ijerph13010031. - PMC - PubMed
Esmatjes 2014 {published data only}
    1. Esmatjes E, Jansà M, Roca D, Pérez-Ferre N, Valle L, Martínez-Hervás S, Ruiz de Adana M, et al, Sola-Morales O Telemed-Diabetes Group. The efficiency of telemedicine to optimize metabolic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Telemed study. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2014;16:435. - PubMed
Estrada 2011 {published data only}
    1. Billue KL, Safford MM, Salanitro AH, Houston TK, Curry W, Kim Y, et al. Medication intensification in diabetes in rural primary care: a cluster-randomised effectiveness trial. BMJ Open 2012;2(5):e000959. - PMC - PubMed
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Fairall 2016 {published data only}
    1. Fairall L R, Folb N, Timmerman V, Lombard C, Steyn K, Bachmann M O, et al. Educational outreach with an integrated clinical tool for nurse-led non-communicable chronic disease management in primary care in South Africa: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial. PLoS Medicine 2016;13(11):e1002178. - PMC - PubMed
Faridi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Faridi Z, Liberti L, Shuval K, Northrup V, Ali A, Katz D L. Evaluating the impact of mobile telephone technology on type 2 diabetic patients' self-management: the NICHE pilot study. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2008;14(3):465-9. - PubMed
Farmer 2005 {published data only}
    1. Farmer A J, Gibson O J, Dudley C, Bryden K, Hayton P M, Tarassenko L, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of real-time telemedicine support on glycemic control in young adults with type 1 diabetes (ISRCTN 46889446). Diabetes Care 2005;28(11):2697-702. - PubMed
Farmer 2007 {published data only}
    1. Farmer A, Wade A, Goyder E, Yudkin P, French D, Craven A, et al. Impact of self monitoring of blood glucose in the management of patients with non-insulin treated diabetes: open parallel group randomised trial. BMJ 2007;335(7611):132. - PMC - PubMed
Farsaei 2011 {published data only}
    1. Farsaei S, Sabzghabaee A M, Zargarzadeh A H, Amini M. Effect of pharmacist-led patient education on glycemic control of type 2 diabetics: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2011;16(1):43-9. - PMC - PubMed
Fernandes 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fernandes R, Chinn C C, Li D, Frankland T B, Wang C M, Smith M D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of financial incentives for medicaid beneficiaries with diabetes. The Permanente Journal 2018;22:17–080. - PMC - PubMed
Fiscella 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fiscella K, Volpe E, Winters P, Brown M, Idris A, Harren T. A novel approach to quality improvement in a safety-net practice: concurrent peer review visits. Journal of the National Medical Association 2010;102(12):1231-6. - PMC - PubMed
Fischer 2012 {published data only}
    1. Fischer H H, Eisert S L, Everhart R M, Durfee M J, Moore S L, Soria S, et al. Nurse-run, telephone-based outreach to improve lipids in people with diabetes. American Journal of Managed Care 2012;18(2):77-84. - PubMed
Fogelfeld 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fogelfeld L, Hart P, Miernik J, Ko J, Calvin D, Tahsin B, et al. Combined diabetes-renal multifactorial intervention in patients with advanced diabetic nephropathy: Proof-of-concept. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 2017;31(3):624-30. - PubMed
Fornos 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fornos J A, Andres N F, Andres J C, Guerra M M, Egea B. A pharmacotherapy follow-up program in patients with type-2 diabetes in community pharmacies in Spain. Pharmacy World & Science 2006;28(2):65-72. - PubMed
Fortmann 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fortmann A L, Gallo L C, Garcia M I, Taleb M, Euyoque J A, Clark T, et al. Dulce Digital: an mHealth SMS- based intervention improves glycemic control in hispanics with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017;40(10):1349-55. - PMC - PubMed
Foster 2013 {published data only}
    1. Foster G D, Wadden T A, LaGrotte C A, Vander Veur S S, Hesson L A, Homko C J, et al. A randomized comparison of a commercially available portion-controlled weight-loss intervention with a diabetes self-management education program. Nutrition and Diabetes 2013;3:e63. - PMC - PubMed
Fountoulakis 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fountoulakis S, Papanastasiou L, Gryparis A, Markou A, Piaditis G. Impact and duration effect of telemonitoring on HbA1c, BMI and cost in insulin-treated Diabetes Mellitus patients with inadequate glycemic control: A randomized controlled study. Hormones (Athens) 2015;14(4):632-43. - PubMed
Franciosi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Franciosi M, Lucisano G, Pellegrini F, Cantarello A, Consoli A, Cucco L, et al. ROSES: role of self-monitoring of blood glucose and intensive education in patients with type 2 diabetes not receiving insulin. A pilot randomized clinical trial. Diabetic Medicine 2011;28(7):789-96. - PubMed
Franz 1995 {published data only}
    1. Franz M J, Monk A, Barry B, McClain K, Weaver T, Cooper N, et al. Effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy provided by dietitians in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1995;95(9):1009-17. - PubMed
Frei 2014 {published data only}
    1. Frei A, Senn O, Chmiel C, Reissner J, Held U, Rosemann T. Implementation of the chronic care model in small medical practices improves cardiovascular risk but not glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2014;37(4):1039-47. - PubMed
Frias 2017 {published data only}
    1. Frias J, Virdi N, Raja P, Kim Y, Savage G, Osterberg L. Effectiveness of digital medicines to improve clinical outcomes in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and type 2 diabetes: prospective, open-label, cluster-randomized pilot clinical trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2017;19(7):e246. - PMC - PubMed
Frijling 2002 {published data only}
    1. Frijling B D, Lobo C M, Hulscher M E, Akkermans R P, Braspenning J C, Prins A, et al. Multifaceted support to improve clinical decision making in diabetes care: a randomized controlled trial in general practice. Diabetic Medicine 2002;19(10):836-42. - PubMed
Frosch 2011 {published data only}
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Furler 2017 {published data only}
    1. Furler J, O'Neal D, Speight J, Manski-Nankervis J A, Gorelik A, Holmes-Truscott E, et al. Supporting insulin initiation in type 2 diabetes in primary care: results of the Stepping Up pragmatic cluster randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ 2017;356:j783. - PMC - PubMed
Gabbay 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gabbay R A, Lendel I, Saleem T M, Shaeffer G, Adelman A M, Mauger D T, et al. Nurse case management improves blood pressure, emotional distress and diabetes complication screening. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2006;71(1):28-35. - PubMed
Gabbay 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gabbay R A, Anel-Tiangco R M, Dellasega C, Mauger D T, Adelman A, Van Horn D H. Diabetes nurse case management and motivational interviewing for change (DYNAMIC): results of a 2-year randomized controlled pragmatic trial. Journal of Diabetes 2013;5(3):349-57. - PMC - PubMed
Gaede 2008 {published data only}
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Gagliardino 2013a {published data only}
    1. Gagliardino J J, Lapertosa S, Pfirter G, Villagra M, Caporale J E, Gonzalez C D, et al. Clinical, metabolic and psychological outcomes and treatment costs of a prospective randomized trial based on different educational strategies to improve diabetes care (PRODIACOR). Diabetic Medicine 2013;30(9):1102-11. - PubMed
Gagliardino 2013b {published data only}
    1. Gagliardino J J Arrechea V, Assad D Gagliardino G G, lez L Lucero S, Rizzuti L Zufriategui Z. Type 2 diabetes patients educated by other patients perform at least as well as patients trained by professionals. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2013;29:152. - PubMed
Gamiochipi 2016 {published data only}
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Garcia 2015 {published data only}
    1. Garcia A A, Brown S A, Horner S D, Zuniga J, Arheart K L. Home-based diabetes symptom self-management education for Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. Health Education Research 2015;30(3):484-96. - PMC - PubMed
Garg 2017 {published data only}
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Gary 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gary T L, Bone L R, Hill M N, Levine D M, McGuire M, Saudek C, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effects of nurse case manager and community health worker interventions on risk factors for diabetes-related complications in urban African Americans. Preventive Medicine 2003;37(1):23-32. - PubMed
Gary 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gary T L, Batts-Turner M, Yeh H C, Hill-Briggs F, Bone L R, Wang N Y, et al. The effects of a nurse case manager and a community health worker team on diabetic control, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations among urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(19):1788-94. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. George J T, Valdovinos A P, Russell I, Dromgoole P, Lomax S, Torgerson D J, et al. Clinical effectiveness of a brief educational intervention in type 1 diabetes: results from the BITES (Brief Intervention in Type 1 diabetes, Education for Self-efficacy) trial. Diabetic Medicine 2008;25(12):1447-53. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Gill J, Kucharski K, Turk B, Pan C, Wei W. Using electronic clinical decision support in patient-centered medical homes to improve management of diabetes in primary care: The DECIDE Study. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 2019;42(2):105-15. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Gillani S M R, Nevill A, Singh B M. A randomised controlled trial in diabetes demonstrating the positive impact of a patient activation strategy on diabetes processes and HbA1c: The WICKED project. British Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease 2017;17(2):58-63.
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Glasgow 2002 {published data only}
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Glasgow 2005 {published data only}
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Glasgow 2012 {published data only}
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    1. Goderis G, Borgermans L, Grol R, Van Den Broeke C, Boland B, Verbeke G, et al. Start improving the quality of care for people with type 2 diabetes through a general practice support program: a cluster randomized trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2010;88(1):56-64. - PubMed
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    1. Greenwood DA, Blozis SA, Young HM, Nesbitt TS, Quinn C. Overcoming clinical inertia: a randomized clinical trial of a telehealth remote monitoring intervention using paired glucose testing in adults with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2015;17(7):e78. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Charles M, Ejskjaer N, Witte DR, Borch-Johnsen K, Lauritzen T, Sandbaek A. Prevalence of neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease and the impact of treatment in people with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: the ADDITION-Denmark study. Diabetes Care 2011;34(10):2244-9. - PMC - PubMed
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Griffin 2014 {published data only}
    1. Griffin S J, Simmons R K, Prevost A T, Williams K M, Hardeman W, Sutton S, et al. Multiple behaviour change intervention and outcomes in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes: the ADDITION-Plus randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2014;57(7):1308-19. - PMC - PubMed
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Guirguis 2001 {published data only}
    1. Guirguis L, Johnson J, Farris K, Tsuyuki R, Toth E. A pilot study to evaluate the impact of pharmacists as certified diabetes educators on the clinical and humanistic outcomes of people with diabetes. Can J Diabetes Care 2001;25(4):266-76.
Guldberg 2011 {published data only}
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Gunawardena 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gunawardena K C, Jackson R, Robinett I, Dhaniska L, Jayamanne S, Kalpani S, et al. The influence of the smart glucose manager mobile application on diabetes management. Journal of Diabetes Science & Technology 2019;13(1):75-81. - PMC - PubMed
Guo 2014 {published data only}
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Gutierrez 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gutierrez N, Gimple N E, Dallo F J, Foster B M, Ohagi E J. Shared medical appointments in a residency clinic: an exploratory study among Hispanics with diabetes. American Journal of Managed Care 2011;17(6 Spec No.):e212-4. - PubMed
Halbert 1999 {published data only}
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    1. Hansen L J, Siersma V, Beck-Nielsen H, Fine Olivarius N. Structured personal care of type 2 diabetes: a 19 year follow-up of the study Diabetes Care in General Practice (DCGP). Diabetologia 2013;56(6):1243-53. - PubMed
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    1. Hansen C R, Perrild H, Koefoed B G, Zander M. Video consultations as add-on to standard care among patients with type 2 diabetes not responding to standard regimens: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Endocrinology 2017;176(6):727-36. - PubMed
Hargraves 2012 {published data only}
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Harno 2006 {published data only}
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Harris 2005 {published data only}
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Harris 2013 {published data only}
    1. Harris S B, Gerstein H C, Yale J F, Berard L, Stewart J, Webster-Bogaert S, et al. Can community retail pharmacist and diabetes expert support facilitate insulin initiation by family physicians? Results of the AIM@GP randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research 2013;13:71. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Hawkins S Y. Improving glycemic control in older adults using a videophone motivational diabetes self-management intervention. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 2010;24(4):217-32. - PubMed
Hayashino 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hayashino Y, Suzuki H, Yamazaki K, Goto A, Izumi K, Noda M. A cluster randomized trial on the effect of a multifaceted intervention improved the technical quality of diabetes care by primary care physicians: The Japan Diabetes Outcome Intervention Trial-2 (J-DOIT2). Diabetic Medicine 2016;33(5):599-608. - PMC - PubMed
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Heisler 2010 {published data only}
    1. Heisler M, Vijan S, Makki F, Piette J D. Diabetes control with reciprocal peer support versus nurse care management: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2010;153(8):507-15. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Heisler M, Hofer T P, Schmittdiel J A, Selby J V, Klamerus M L, Bosworth H B, et al. Improving blood pressure control through a clinical pharmacist outreach program in patients with diabetes mellitus in 2 high-performing health systems: the adherence and intensification of medications cluster randomized, controlled pragmatic trial. Circulation 2012;125(23):2863-72. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Heisler M, Choi H, Palmisano G, Mase R, Richardson C, Fagerlin A, et al. Comparison of community health worker-led diabetes medication decision-making support for low-income Latino and African American adults with diabetes using e-health tools versus print materials: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2014;161(10 Suppl):S13-22. - PMC - PubMed
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Hermanns 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hermanns N, Ehrmann D, Schall S, Maier B, Haak T, Kulzer B. The effect of an education programme (MEDIAS 2 BSC) of non-intensive insulin treatment regimens for people with Type 2 diabetes: a randomized, multi-centre trial. Diabetic Medicine 2017;34(8):1084-91. - PubMed
Hermans 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hermans M P, Elisaf M, Michel G, Muls E, Nobels F, Vandenberghe H, et al. Benchmarking is associated with improved quality of care in type 2 diabetes: the OPTIMISE randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2013;36(11):3388-95. - PMC - PubMed
Herrin 2006 {published data only}
    1. Herrin J, Nicewander D A, Hollander P A, Couch C E, Winter F D, Haydar Z R, et al. Effectiveness of diabetes resource nurse case management and physician profiling in a fee-for-service setting: a cluster randomized trial. Proceedings / Baylor University Medical Center 2006;19(2):95-102. - PMC - PubMed
Hetlevik 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hetlevik I, Holmen J, Kruger O, Kristensen P, Iversen H, Furuseth K. Implementing clinical guidelines in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in general practice. Evaluation of effort, process, and patient outcome related to implementation of a computer-based decision support system. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2000;16(1):210-27. - PubMed
Hiss 2001 {published data only}
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Hiss 2007 {published data only}
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Holbrook 2009 {published data only}
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Holbrook 2011 {published data only}
    1. Holbrook A, Pullenayegum E, Thabane L, Troyan S, Foster G, Keshavjee K, et al. Shared electronic vascular risk decision support in primary care: Computerization of Medical Practices for the Enhancement of Therapeutic Effectiveness (COMPETE III) randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(19):1736-44. - PubMed
Holtrop 2017 {published data only}
    1. Holtrop J S, Luo Z, Piatt G, Green L A, Chen Q, Piette J. Diabetic and obese patient clinical outcomes improve during a care management implementation in primary care. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 2017;8(4):312-8. - PMC - PubMed
Hoskins 1993 {published data only}
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    1. Hotu C, Bagg W, Collins J, Harwood L, Whalley G, Doughty R, et al. A community-based model of care improves blood pressure control and delays progression of proteinuria, left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in Maori and Pacific patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 2010;25(10):3260-6. - PubMed
Houweling 2009 {published data only}
    1. Houweling S T, Kleefstra N, Hateren K J, Kooy A, Groenier K H, Ten Vergert E, et al. Diabetes specialist nurse as main care provider for patients with type 2 diabetes. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 2009;67(7):279-84. - PubMed
Houweling 2011 {published data only}
    1. Houweling S T, Kleefstra N, Hateren K J, Groenier K H, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bilo H J. Can diabetes management be safely transferred to practice nurses in a primary care setting? A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2011;20(9-10):1264-72. - PubMed
Hsu 2014 {published data only}
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Hsu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hsu W C, Lau K H, Huang R, Ghiloni S, Le H, Gilroy S, Abrahamson M, Moore J. Utilization of a cloud-based diabetes management program for insulin initiation and titration enables collaborative decision making between healthcare providers and patients. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2016;18:59. - PMC - PubMed
Huang 2010 {published data only}
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Hurwitz 1993 {published data only}
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Hwang 2019 {published data only}
    1. Hwang A S, Harding A S, Chang Y, O'Keefe S M, Horn D M, Clark A L. An audit and feedback intervention to improve internal medicine residents' performance on ambulatory quality measures: a randomized controlled trial. Population Health Management 2019;22(6):529-35. - PubMed
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Iljaž 2017 {published data only}
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    1. Islam N S, Wyatt L C, Taher M D, Riley L, Tandon S D, Tanner M, et al. A culturally tailored community health worker intervention leads to improvement in patient-centered outcomes for immigrant patients with type 2 diabetes. CD (Clinical Diabetes) 2018;36(2):100-11. - PMC - PubMed
Ismail 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ismail M, Teng C L, Omar M, Ho B K, Kusiar Z, Hasim R. Usage of glucometer is associated with improved glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Malaysian public primary care clinics: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Singapore Medical Journal 2013;54(7):391-5. - PubMed
Ivers 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ivers N M, Tu K, Young J, Francis J J, Barnsley J, Shah B R, et al. Feedback GAP: pragmatic, cluster-randomized trial of goal setting and action plans to increase the effectiveness of audit and feedback interventions in primary care. Implementation Science 2013;8:142. - PMC - PubMed
Jaber 1996 {published data only}
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Jackson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Edelman D, Fredrickson S K, Melnyk S D, Coffman C J, Jeffreys A S, Datta S, et al. Medical clinics versus usual care for patients with both diabetes and hypertension: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010;152(11):689-96. - PubMed
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Jacobs 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jacobs M, Sherry P S, Taylor L M, Amato M, Tataronis G R, Cushing G. Pharmacist Assisted Medication Program Enhancing the Regulation of Diabetes (PAMPERED) study. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 2012;52(5):613-21. - PubMed
Jahangard‐Rafsanjani 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jahangard-Rafsanjani Z, Sarayani A, Nosrati M, Saadat N, Rashidian A, Hadjibabaie M, et al. Effect of a community pharmacist-delivered diabetes support program for patients receiving specialty medical care: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Educator 2015;41(1):127-35. - PubMed
Jain 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jain V, Joshi R, Idiculla J, Xavier D. Community health worker interventions in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: assessing the feasibility and effectiveness in Rural Central India. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research 2018;9(3):127-33.
Jakobsson 2015 {published data only}
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    1. Jameson J P, Baty P J. Pharmacist collaborative management of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Managed Care 2010;16(4):250-5. - PubMed
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    1. Jansa M, Vidal M, Viaplana J, Levy I, Conget I, Gomis R, et al. Telecare in a structured therapeutic education programme addressed to patients with type 1 diabetes and poor metabolic control. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2006;74(1):26-32. - PubMed
Jansink 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jansink R, Braspenning J, Keizer E, Weijden T, Elwyn G, Grol R. No identifiable Hb1Ac or lifestyle change after a comprehensive diabetes programme including motivational interviewing: a cluster randomised trial. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2013;31(2):119-27. - PMC - PubMed
Janssen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Janssen P G, Gorter K J, Stolk R P, Rutten G E. Randomised controlled trial of intensive multifactorial treatment for cardiovascular risk in patients with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: 1-year data from the ADDITION Netherlands study. British Journal of General Practice 2009;59(558):43-8. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Jeong J Y, Jeon J H, Bae K H, Choi Y K, Park K G, Kim J G, et al. Smart care based on telemonitoring and telemedicine for type 2 diabetes care: multi-center randomized controlled trial. Telemedicine Journal & E-Health 2018;24(8):604-13. - PubMed
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    1. Jiang X J, Jiang H, Lu Y H, Liu S L, Wang J P, Tang R S, Li M Z. The effectiveness of a self-efficacy-focused structured education programme on adults with type 2 diabetes: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2019;28(17-18):3299-309. - PubMed
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    1. Johansen O E, Gullestad L, Blaasaas K G, Orvik E, Birkeland K I. Effects of structured hospital-based care compared with standard care for Type 2 diabetes - The Asker and Baerum Cardiovascular Diabetes Study, a randomized trial. Diabetic Medicine 2007;24(9):1019-27. - PubMed
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Katon 2004 {published data only}
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Katon 2010 {published data only}
    1. Katon W J, Lin E H, Von Korff M, Ciechanowski P, Ludman E J, Young B, et al. Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;363(27):2611-20. - PMC - PubMed
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Keeratiyutawong 2006 {published data only}
    1. Keeratiyutawong P, Hanucharurnkul S, Melkus G D E, Panpakdee O, Vorapongsathorn T. Effectiveness of a self-management program for Thais with type 2 diabetes. Thai Journal of Nursing Research 2006;10(2):85-97.
Kempf 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kempf K, Altpeter B, Berger J, Reus O, Fuchs M, Schneider M, et al. Efficacy of the telemedical lifestyle intervention program Telipro in advanced stages of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2017;40(7):863-71. - PubMed
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    1. Kim C S, Park S Y, Kang J G, Lee S J, Ihm S H, Choi M G, et al. Insulin dose titration system in diabetes patients using a short messaging service automatically produced by a knowledge matrix. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2010;12(8):663-9. - PubMed
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    1. Kim M T, Kim K B, Huh B, Nguyen T, Han H R, Bone L R, Levine D. The effect of a community-based self-help intervention: Korean Americans with type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015;49(5):726-37. - PMC - PubMed
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Kim 2016a {published data only}
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Kirwin 2010 {published data only}
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    1. Kleinman N J, Shah A, Shah S, Phatak S, Viswanathan V. Impact of the gather mHealth system on A1C: Primary results of a multisite randomized clinical trial among people with type 2 diabetes in India. Diabetes Care 2016;39(10):e169-70. - PubMed
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Klingeman 2017 {published data only}
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Kulzer 2018 {published data only}
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Logan 2012 {published data only}
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Lum 2018 {published data only}
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Medi‐Cal Group 2004 {published data only}
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    1. Sato J, Kanazawa A, Ikeda F, Shigihara N, Kawaguchi M, Komiya K, et al. Effect of treatment guidance using a retrospective continuous glucose monitoring system on glycaemic control in outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of International Medical Research 2016;44(1):109-21. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Luchsinger JA, Palmas W, Teresi JA, Silver S, Kong J, Eimicke JP, et al. Improved diabetes control in the elderly delays global cognitive decline. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2011;15(6):445-9. - PMC - PubMed
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Spencer 2018 {published data only}
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Takami 2008 {published data only}
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Taveira 2011 {published data only}
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Taveira 2014 {published data only}
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    1. Whitlock W L, Brown A, Moore K, Pavliscsak H, Dingbaum A, Lacefield D, et al. Telemedicine improved diabetic management. Military Medicine 2000;165(8):579. - PubMed
Wild 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wild S H, Hanley J, Lewis S C, McKnight J A, McCloughan L B, Padfield P L, et al. Supported telemonitoring and glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes: the Telescot diabetes pragmatic multicenter randomized controlled trial. PLOS Medicine 2016;13(7):e1002098. - PMC - PubMed
Williams 2012 {published data only}
    1. Williams A, Manias E, Walker R, Gorelik A. A multifactorial intervention to improve blood pressure control in co-existing diabetes and kidney disease: a feasibility randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2012;68(11):2515-25. - PubMed
Wilson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wilson A, O'Hare J P, Hardy A, Raymond N, Szczepura A, Crossman R, et al. Evaluation of the clinical and cost effectiveness of intermediate care clinics for diabetes (ICCD): a multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial. PLOS One 2014;9:e93964. - PMC - PubMed
Wishah 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wishah R A, Al-Khawaldeh O A, Albsoul A M. Impact of pharmaceutical care interventions on glycemic control and other health-related clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: Randomized controlled trial. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 2015;9(4):271-6. - PubMed
Wisse 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wisse W, Boer Rookhuizen M, Kruif M D, Rossum J, Jordans I, ten Cate H, et al. Prescription of physical activity is not sufficient to change sedentary behavior and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2010;88(2):e10-3. - PubMed
Wojcicki 2001 {published data only}
    1. Wojcicki J M, Ladyzynski P, Krzymien J, Jozwicka E, Blachowicz J, Janczewska E, et al. What we can really expect from telemedicine in intensive diabetes treatment: results from 3-year study on type 1 pregnant diabetic women. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2001;3(4):581-9. - PubMed
Wolf 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wolf M S, Seligman H, Davis T C, Fleming D A, Curtis L M, Pandit A U, et al. Clinic-based versus outsourced implementation of a diabetes health literacy intervention. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2013;29(1):59-67. - PMC - PubMed
Wu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Wu W C, Taveira T H, Jeffery S, Jiang L, Tokuda L, Musial J, et al. Costs and effectiveness of pharmacist-led group medical visits for type-2 diabetes: a multi-center randomized controlled trial. PLOS One 2018;13(4):e0195898. - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yang Y, Yao J J, Du J L, Bai R, Sun L P, Sun G H, et al. Primary prevention of macroangiopathy in patients with short-duration type 2 diabetes by intensified multifactorial intervention: seven-year follow-up of diabetes complications in Chinese. Diabetes Care 2013;36(4):978-84. - PMC - PubMed
Yaron 2019 {published data only}
    1. Yaron M, Sher B, Sorek D, Shomer M, Levek N, Schiller T, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing a telemedicine therapeutic intervention with routine care in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus treated by insulin pumps. Acta Diabetologica 2019;56(6):667-73. - PubMed
Yin 2017 {published data only}
    1. Yin J, Luk A, Wong R, Chung H, Kong A, Ozaki R, et al. Regular mailing of personalized feedback reports improved glycemic control in diabetes - a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Diabetes 2017;9(5):536-8. - PubMed
Yoo 2009 {published data only}
    1. Yoo H J, Park M S, Kim T N, Yang S J, Cho G J, Hwang T G, et al. A ubiquitous chronic disease care system using cellular phones and the internet. Diabetic Medicine 2009;26(6):628-35. - PubMed
Yoon 2008 {published data only}
    1. Yoon K H, Kim H S. A short message service by cellular phone in type 2 diabetic patients for 12 months. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2008;79(2):256-61. - PubMed
Yu 2019 {published data only}
    1. Yu Y, Yan Q, Li H, Li H, Wang L, Wang H, et al. Effects of mobile phone application combined with or without self-monitoring of blood glucose on glycemic control in patients with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 2019;10(5):1365-71. - PMC - PubMed
Yuan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yuan X, Wang F, Fish A F, Xue C, Chen T, Liu C, Lou Q. Effect of case management on glycemic control and behavioral outcomes for Chinese people with type 2 diabetes: a 2-year study. Patient Education and Counseling 2016;99(8):1382-8. - PubMed
Zapotoczky 2001 {published data only}
    1. Zapotoczky H, Semlitsch B, Herzog G, Bahadori B, Siebenhofer A, Pieber T R, et al. A controlled study of weight reduction in type 2 diabetics treated by two reinforcers. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2001;8(1):42-9.
Zgibor 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zgibor JC, Maloney MA, Malmi M Jr, Fabio A, Kuo S, Solano FX, et al. Effectiveness of certified diabetes educators following pre-approved protocols to redesign diabetes care delivery in primary care: Results of the REMEDIES 4D trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;64:201-9. - PubMed
Zhou 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhou P, Xu L, Liu X, Huang J, Xu W, Chen W. Web-based telemedicine for management of type 2 diabetes through glucose uploads: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 2014;7(12):8848-54. - PMC - PubMed
Zhou 2016 {published data only}
    1. Zhou W, Chen M, Yuan J, Sun Y. Welltang - a smart phone-based diabetes management application - improves blood glucose control in Chinese people with diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2016;116:105. - PubMed
Zolfaghari 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zolfaghari M, Mousavifar S A, Pedram S, Haghani H. The impact of nurse short message services and telephone follow-ups on diabetic adherence: which one is more effective? Journal of Clinical Nursing 2012;21(13-4):1922-31. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abkenar 2016 {published data only}
    1. Abkenar MZ, Ghofranipour F, Maghrebi HF, Kashi Z, Shokravi FA. The effect of Islamic care method on nutritional self-care, anthropometric indices and blood pressure in diabetic patients. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2016;26:36-53.
Agewall 2001 {published data only}
    1. Agewall S, Fagerberg B, Berglund G, Schmidt C, Wendelhag I, Wikstrand J, Risk Factor Intervention Study Group, Sweden. Multiple risk intervention trial in high risk hypertensive men: comparison of ultrasound intima-media thickness and clinical outcome during 6 years of follow-up. Journal of Internal Medicine 2001;249(4):305-14. - PubMed
Aguila 2018 {published data only}
    1. Aguila IP, Velázquez-López L, Goycochea-Robles MAV, Angulo-Angulo F, Peña JE. Multimedia education to support management of type 2 diabetes patients. A quasi-experimental study [La educación multimedia como apoyo en el manejo de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Estudio cuasi experimental]. Cirugía y Cirujanos 2018;86(5):404-11. - PubMed
Alfadda 2011 {published data only}
    1. Alfadda AA, Bin-Abdulrahman KA, Saad HA, Mendoza CDO, Angkaya-Bagayawa FF, Yale JF. Effect of an intervention to improve the management of patients with diabetes in primary care practice. Saudi Medical Journal 2011;32(1):36-40. - PubMed
Basch 1999 {published data only}
    1. Basch CE, Walker EA, Howard CJ, Shamoon H, Zybert P. The effect of health education on the rate of ophthalmic examinations among African Americans with diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Public Health 1999;89(12):1878-82. - PMC - PubMed
Bhattacharyya 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bhattacharya O, Harris S, Zwarenstein M, Barnsley J. Controlled trial of an intervention to improve cholesterol management in diabetes patients in remote Aboriginal communities. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2010;69(4):333-43. - PubMed
Butt 2016 {published data only}
    1. Butt M, Mhd Ali A, Bakry MM, Mustafa N. Impact of a pharmacist led diabetes mellitus intervention on HbA1c, medication adherence and quality of life: A randomised controlled study. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 2016;24(1):40-8. - PMC - PubMed
Campbell 1996 {published data only}
    1. Campbell EM, Redman S, Moffitt PS, Sanson-Fisher RW. The relative effectiveness of educational and behavioral instruction programs for patients with NIDDM: a randomized trial. Diabetes Educator 1996;22(4):379-86. - PubMed
Chen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Chen HS, Wu TE, Jap TS, Chen RL, Lin HD. Effects of health education on glycemic control during holiday time in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Managed Care 2008;14(1):45-51. - PubMed
Chen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chen MF, Wang RH, Lin KC, Hsu HY, Chen SW. Efficacy of an empowerment program for Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Applied Nursing Research 2015;28(4):366-73. - PubMed
Chow 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chow EP, Hassali MA, Saleem F, Aljadhey H. Effects of pharmacist-led patient education on diabetes-related knowledge and medication adherence: a home-based study. Health Education Journal 2016;75(4):421-33.
Cortés‐Sanabria 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cortés-Sanabria L, Cabrera-Pivaral CE, Cueto-Manzano AM, Rojas-Campos E, Barragán G, Hernández-Anaya M, et al. Improving care of patients with diabetes and CKD: a pilot study for a cluster-randomized trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008;51(5):777-88. - PubMed
Cortez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cortez DN, Macedo MM, Souza DA, Dos Santos JC, Afonso GS, Reis IA, Torres HC. Evaluating the effectiveness of an empowerment program for self-care in type 2 diabetes: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):41. - PMC - PubMed
Fisher 2011 {published data only}
    1. Fisher L, Polonsky W, Parkin CG, Jelsovsky Z, Amstutz L, Wagner RS. The impact of blood glucose monitoring on depression and distress in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2011;27(Suppl 3):39-46. - PubMed
Gaillard 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gaillard T, Amponsah G, Osei K. Patient-centered community diabetes education program improves glycemic control in African-American patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: importance of point of care metabolic measurements. Journal of National Black Nurses' Association 2015;26(1):50-7. - PubMed
Hajbaghery 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hajbaghery MA, Alinaghipoor T. The effects of lecture and multimodal methods of teaching on healing rate of diabetic foot ulcer and patients' compliance with care recommendations. Iran Journal of Nursing 2012;25:1-11.
Kim 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kim HS, Park HJ. Effects of a nurse short-message service via cellular phones for people with diabetes. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education 2006;13(2):235-41.
Kushner 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kushner RF, Sujak M. Prevention of weight gain in adult patients with type 2 diabetes treated with pioglitazone. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;17(5):1017-22. - PubMed
Litzelman 1993 {published data only}
    1. Litzelman DK, Slemenda CW, Langefeld CD, Hays LM, Welch MA, Bild DE, et al. Reduction of lower extremity clinical abnormalities in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1993;119(1):36-41. - PubMed
Maislos 2004 {published data only}
    1. Maislos M, Weisman D. Multidisciplinary approach to patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective, randomized study. Acta Diabetologica 2004;41(2):44-8. - PubMed
Mazzuca 1988 {published data only}
    1. Mazzuca SA, Vinicor F, Cohen SJ, Norton JA, Fineberg NS, Fineberg SE, et al. The Diabetes Education Study: a controlled trial of the effects of intensive instruction of internal medicine residents on the management of diabetes mellitus. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1988;3(1):1-8. - PubMed
Mehler 2005 {published data only}
    1. Mehler PS, Krantz MJ, Lundgren RA, Estacio RO, MacKenzie TD, Petralia L, et al. Bridging the quality gap in diabetic hyperlipidemia: a practice-based intervention. American Journal of Medicine 2005;118(12):1414. - PubMed
Polonsky 2011 {published data only}
    1. Polonsky W H, Fisher L, Schikman C H, Hinnen D A, Parkin C G, Jelsovsky Z, et al. Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly reduces A1C levels in poorly controlled, noninsulin-treated type 2 diabetes: results from the Structured Testing Program study. Diabetes Care 2011;34(2):262-7. - PMC - PubMed
Saengtipbovorn 2014 {published data only}
    1. Saengtipbovorn S, Taneepanichuskul S. Effectiveness of lifestyle change plus dental care (LCDC) program on improving glycemic and periodontal status in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. BMC Oral Health 2014;14:72. - PMC - PubMed
Segal 2016 {published data only}
    1. Segal L, Nguyen H, Schmidt B, Wenitong M, McDermott RA. Economic evaluation of Indigenous health worker management of poorly controlled type 2 diabetes in north Queensland. Medical Journal of Australia 2016;204(5):1961e-9. - PubMed
Teychenne 2015 {published data only}
    1. Teychenne M, Ball K, Salmon J, Daly RM, Crawford DA, Sethi P, et al. Adoption and maintenance of gym-based strength training in the community setting in adults with excess weight or type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2015;12:105. - PMC - PubMed
Weitzman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Weitzman S, Greenfield S, Billimek J, Hava T, Schvartzman P, Yehiel E, et al. Improving combined diabetes outcomes by adding a simple patient intervention to physician feedback: a cluster randomized trial. Israel Medical Association Journal 2009;11(12):719-24. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Ali Abdelhamid 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ali Abdelhamid Y, Phillips LK, White MG, Presneill J, Horowitz M, Deane AM. Survivors of intensive care with type 2 diabetes and the effect of shared-care follow-up clinics: the SWEET-AS randomized controlled pilot study. Chest 2021;159(1):174-85. - PubMed
Alison 2020 {published data only}
    1. Alison C, Anselm S. The effectiveness of diabetes medication therapy adherence clinic to improve glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2020;75(3):246-53. - PubMed
Al‐Taie 2020 {published data only}
    1. Al-Taie A, Izzettin FV, Sancar M, Köseoğlu A. Impact of clinical pharmacy recommendations and patient counselling program among patients with diabetes and cancer in outpatient oncology setting. European Journal of Cancer Care 2020;29(5):e13261. - PubMed
Bohingamu Mudiyanselage 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bohingamu Mudiyanselage S, Stevens J, Watts JJ, Toscano J, Kotowicz MA, Steinfort CL, et al. Personalised telehealth intervention for chronic disease management: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2019;25(6):343-52. - PubMed
Buysse 2020 {published data only}
    1. Buysse H, Coremans P, Pouwer F, Ruige J. Sustainable improvement of HbA1c and satisfaction with diabetes care after adding telemedicine in patients on adaptable insulin regimens: Results of the TeleDiabetes randomized controlled trial. Health Informatics Journal 2020;26(1):628-41. - PubMed
Chen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Chen X, Jiang S, Xu Y, Tian Y. The effect of interactive health education based on the WeChat platform on diabetic outpatients. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2019;12(11):13154-62.
Daud 2020 {published data only}
    1. Daud MH, Ramli AS, Abdul-Razak S, Haniff J, Tg-Abu-Bakar-Sidik TMI, Mohd-Hatta NKB, et al. Effectiveness of the EMPOWER-PAR intervention on primary care providers’ adherence to clinical practice guidelines on the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 2020;8(B):470-9.
Egede 2021a {published data only}
    1. Egede LE, Dawson AZ, Walker RJ, Garraci E, Knapp RG. Randomized controlled trial of technology-assisted case management in low-income adults with type 2 diabetes: Effect on quality of life and blood pressure. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2021;12:1357633X211028491. - PubMed
Egede 2021b {published data only}
    1. Egede LE, Dismuke CE, Walker RJ, Williams JS, Eiler C. Cost-effectiveness of technology-assisted case management in low-income, rural adults with type 2 diabetes. Health Equity 2021;5(1):503-11. - PMC - PubMed
Franc 2019 {published data only}
    1. Franc S, Joubert M, Daoudi A, Fagour C, Benhamou PY, Rodier M, et al, TeleDiab study group. Efficacy of two telemonitoring systems to improve glycaemic control during basal insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes: The TeleDiab-2 randomized controlled trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2019;21(10):2327-32. - PMC - PubMed
Franc 2020 {published data only}
    1. Franc S, Hanaire H, Benhamou PY, Schaepelynck P, Catargi B, Farret A, et al. DIABEO system combining a mobile app software with and without telemonitoring versus standard care: a randomized controlled trial in diabetes patients poorly controlled with a basal-bolus insulin regimen. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2020;22(12):904-11. - PMC - PubMed
Gimbel 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gimbel RW, Rennert LM, Crawford P, Little JR, Truong K, Williams JE, et al. Enhancing patient activation and self-management activities in patients with type 2 diabetes using the US Department of Defense mobile health care environment: feasibility study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22(5):e17968. - PMC - PubMed
Guo 2019 {published data only}
    1. Guo Z, Liu J, Zeng H, He G, Ren X, Guo J. Feasibility and efficacy of nurse-led team management intervention for improving the self-management of type 2 diabetes patients in a Chinese community: a randomized controlled trial. Patient Prefer Adherence 2019;13:1353-62. - PMC - PubMed
Heselmans 2020 {published data only}
    1. Heselmans A, Delvaux N, Laenen A, Van de Velde S, Ramaekers D, Kunnamo I, et al. Computerized clinical decision support system for diabetes in primary care does not improve quality of care: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Implementation Science 2020;15(1):5. - PMC - PubMed
Hu 2021 {published data only}
    1. Hu X, Deng H, Zhang Y, Guo X, Cai M, Ling C, Li K. Efficacy and safety of a decision support intervention for basal insulin self-titration assisted by the nurse in outpatients with T2DM: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 2021;14:1315-27. - PMC - PubMed
Javaid 2019 {published data only}
    1. Javaid Z, Imtiaz U, Khalid I, Saeed H, Khan RQ, Islam M, et al. A randomized control trial of primary care-based management of type 2 diabetes by a pharmacist in Pakistan. BMC Health Services Research 2019;19(1):409. - PMC - PubMed
Kang 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kang J, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Zhang C. Effect of remote management on comprehensive management of diabetes mellitus during the COVID-19 epidemic. Primary Care Diabetes 2021;15(3):417-23. - PMC - PubMed
Khan 2021 {published data only}
    1. Khan AH, Iqbal MZ, Syed Sulaiman SA, Ibrahim A, Azmi NSBY, Iqbal MS, et al. Impact of pharmacist-led educational intervention on predictors of diabetic foot at two different hospitals of Malaysia. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences 2021;13(1):108-15. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2022 {published data only}
    1. Kim Y, Lee H, Seo JM. Integrated diabetes self-management program using smartphone application: a randomized controlled trial. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2022;44(4):383-94. - PubMed
Ku 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ku EJ, Park JI, Jeon HJ, Oh TK, Choi HJ. Clinical efficacy and plausibility of a smartphone-based integrated online real-time diabetes care system via glucose and diet data management: a pilot study. Internal Medicine Journal 2020;50(12):1524-32. - PubMed
Lee 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lee JY, Chan CKY, Chua SS, Ng CJ, Paraidathathu T, Lee KKC, Lee SWH. Telemonitoring and team-based management of glycemic control on people with type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2020;35(1):87-94. - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2020A {published data only}
    1. Lee DY, Yoo SH, Min KP, Park CY. Effect of voluntary participation on mobile health care in diabetes management: randomized controlled open-label trial. JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth 2020;8(9):e19153. - PMC - PubMed
Lou 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lou Q, Ye Q, Wu H, Wang Z, Ware RS, Xiong Y, et al. Effectiveness of a clinic-based randomized controlled intervention for type 2 diabetes management: an innovative model of intensified diabetes management in Mainland China (C-IDM study). BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 2019;8(1):e001030. - PMC - PubMed
Millan‐Ferro 2020 {published data only}
    1. Millan-Ferro A, Garcia-Dolagaray G, Gautam S, Caballero AE, Mitri J. Impact of monthly A1C values obtained at home on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Clinical Diabetes 2020;38(3):230-9. - PMC - PubMed
Murphy 2020 {published data only}
    1. Murphy ME, McSharry J, Byrne M, Boland F, Corrigan D, Gillespie P, et al. Supporting care for suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus in general practice with a clinical decision support system: a mixed methods pilot cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open 2020;10(2):e032594. - PMC - PubMed
Noda 2020 {published data only}
    1. Noda M, Hayashino Y, Yamazaki K, Suzuki H, Goto A, Kato M, et al. A cluster-randomized trial of the effectiveness of a triple-faceted intervention promoting adherence to primary care physician visits by diabetes patients. Scientific Reports 2020;10(1):2842. - PMC - PubMed
Or 2020 {published data only}
    1. Or CK, Liu K, So MKP, Cheung B, Yam LYC, Tiwari A, et al. Improving self-care in patients with coexisting type 2 diabetes and hypertension by technological surrogate nursing: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22(3):e16769. - PMC - PubMed
Ramallo‐Farina 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ramallo-Fariña Y, García-Bello MA, García-Pérez L, Boronat M, Wägner AM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez L, et al, INDICA Team. Effectiveness of internet-based multicomponent interventions for patients and health care professionals to improve clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes evaluated through the indica study: multiarm cluster randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth 2020;8(11):e18922. - PMC - PubMed
Reininger 2020 {published data only}
    1. Reininger BM, Lee M, Hessabi M, Mitchell-Bennett LA, Sifuentes MR, Guerra JA, et al. Improved diabetes control among low-income Mexican Americans through community-clinical interventions: results of an RCT. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 2020;8(1):e000867. - PMC - PubMed
Rovner 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rovner BW, Casten RJ, Piersol CV, White N, Kelley M, Leiby BE. Improving glycemic control in African Americans with diabetes and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2020;68(5):1015-22. - PMC - PubMed
Ruiz de Adana 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ruiz de Adana MS, Alhambra-Expósito MR, Muñoz-Garach A, Gonzalez-Molero I, Colomo N, Torres-Barea I, et al, Diabetes Group of SAEDYN (Andalusian Society of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition). Randomized study to evaluate the impact of telemedicine care in patients with type 1 diabetes with multiple doses of insulin and suboptimal HbA1c in Andalusia (Spain): PLATEDIAN Study. Diabetes Care 2020;43(2):337-42. - PubMed
Vaccaro 2013 {published data only}
    1. Vaccaro O, Franzini L, Miccoli R, Cavalot F, Ardigo D, Boemi M, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness in clinical practice of a multifactorial intervention for the reduction of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: the 2-year interim analysis of the MIND.IT study: a cluster randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2013;36(9):2566-72. - PMC - PubMed
von Storch 2019 {published data only}
    1. Storch K, Graaf E, Wunderlich M, Rietz C, Polidori MC, Woopen C. Telemedicine-assisted self-management program for type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2019;21(9):514-21. - PubMed
Wang 2019 {published data only}
    1. Wang Y, Li M, Zhao X, Pan X, Lu M, Lu J, Hu Y. Effects of continuous care for patients with type 2 diabetes using mobile health application: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Health Planning and Management 2019;34(3):1025-35. - PubMed
Wang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wang W, Cheng MTM, Leong FL, Goh AWL, Lim ST, Jiang Y. The development and testing of a nurse-led smartphone-based self-management programme for diabetes patients with poor glycaemic control. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2020;76(11):3179-89. - PubMed
White 2020 {published data only}
    1. White RO, Chakkalakal RJ, Wallston KA, Wolff K, Gregory B, Davis D, et al. The partnership to improve diabetes education trial: a cluster randomized trial addressing health communication in diabetes care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2020;35(4):1052-9. - PMC - PubMed
Willis 2020 {published data only}
    1. Willis A, Crasto W, Gray LJ, Dallosso H, Waheed G, Davies M, et al. Effects of an electronic software "prompt" with health care professional training on cardiovascular and renal complications in a multiethnic population with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria (the GP-Prompt Study): results of a pragmatic cluster-randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2020;43(8):1893-901. - PubMed
Xu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Xu R, Xing M, Javaherian K, Peters R, Ross W, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Improving HbA1c with glucose self-monitoring in diabetic patients with EpxDiabetes, a phone call and text message-based telemedicine platform: a randomized controlled trial. Telemedicine and e-Health 2020;26(6):784-93. - PMC - PubMed
Xu 2021 {published data only}
    1. Xu Y, Gallagher PJ, Tan CW, Tsou KY, Tan DH, Ramaya H, Lee JY. Impact of team‐based pharmaceutical care on the humanistic outcomes among patients with long‐standing diabetes: an interim analysis of a randomized, controlled, multicenter study. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy 2021;4:680-8.
Yang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Yang Y, Lee EY, Kim HS, Lee SH, Yoon KH, Cho JH. Effect of a mobile phone-based glucose-monitoring and feedback system for type 2 diabetes management in multiple primary care clinic settings: cluster randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2020;8(2):e16266. - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2019 {published data only}
    1. Zhang L, He X, Shen Y, Yu H, Pan J, Zhu W, et al. Effectiveness of smartphone app-based interactive management on glycemic control in Chinese patients with poorly controlled diabetes: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2019;21(12):e15401. - PMC - PubMed
Zhao 2020 {published data only}
    1. Zhao CM, Cui XL, Wan G, Lu YZ, Niu YQ, Su CY, et al. Analysis of the effect of nine consecutive years' intensive management and number of times achieving the target control on endpoint events in T2DM patients in Sanlitun community health service center in Beijing. International Journal of Endocrinology 2020;2020:3646342. - PMC - PubMed

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