. 2023 Aug 22;77(4):547-557.

doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad276.

Changing Severity and Epidemiology of Adults Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States After Introduction of COVID-19 Vaccines, March 2021-August 2022

Noah Kojima¹, Katherine Adams¹, Wesley H Self², Manjusha Gaglani³, Tresa McNeal⁴, Shekhar Ghamande⁴, Jay S Steingrub⁵, Nathan I Shapiro⁶, Abhijit Duggal⁷, Laurence W Busse⁸, Matthew E Prekker⁹, Ithan D Peltan¹⁰, Samuel M Brown¹⁰, David N Hager¹¹, Harith Ali¹¹, Michelle N Gong¹², Amira Mohamed¹³, Matthew C Exline¹⁴, Akram Khan¹⁵, Jennifer G Wilson¹⁶, Nida Qadir¹⁷, Steven Y Chang¹⁷, Adit A Ginde¹⁸, Cori A Withers¹⁸, Nicholas M Mohr¹⁹, Christopher Mallow²⁰, Emily T Martin²¹, Adam S Lauring^{22

23}, Nicholas J Johnson²⁴, Jonathan D Casey²⁵, William B Stubblefield²⁶, Kevin W Gibbs²⁷, Jennie H Kwon²⁸, Adrienne Baughman²⁶, James D Chappell²⁹, Kimberly W Hart³⁰, Ian D Jones²⁶, Jillian P Rhoads³¹, Sydney A Swan³⁰, Kelsey N Womack³¹, Yuwei Zhu³⁰, Diya Surie³², Meredith L McMorrow³², Manish M Patel¹, Mark W Tenforde¹; Investigating Respiratory Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

Investigating Respiratory Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network:
Manjusha Gaglani, Tresa McNeal, Shekhar Ghamande, Nicole Calhoun, Kempapura Murthy, Judy Herrick, Amanda McKillop, Eric Hoffman, Martha Zayed, Michael Smith, Jay Steingrub, Lori-Ann Kozikowski, Lesley De Souza, Scott Ouellette, Nathan I Shapiro, Michael Bolstad, Brianna Coviello, Robert Ciottone, Arnaldo Devilla, Ana Grafals, Conor Higgins, Carlo Ottanelli, Kimberly Redman, Douglas Scaffidi, Alexander Weingart, Diya Surie, Meredith McMorrow, Jennifer DeCuir, Natalie Thornburg, Brendan Flannery, Nathaniel Lewis, Mark Tenforde, Katherine Adams, Manish Patel, Omar Mehkri, Megan Mitchell, Zachary Griffith, Connery Brennan, Kiran Ashok, Bryan Poynter, Abhijit Duggal, Laurence Busse, Caitlin Ten Lohuis, Nicholas Stanley, Sophia Zhang, Matthew Prekker, Heidi Erickson, Anne Frosch, Audrey Hendrickson, Sean Caspers, Walker Tordsen, Olivia Kaus, Tyler Scharber, Ithan Peltan, Samuel Brown, Jenna Lumpkin, Cassie Smith, Hunter Marshall, David N Hager, Harith Ali, Richard E Rothman, Michelle Gong, Amira Mohamed, Rahul Nair, Jen-Ting Tina Chen, Matthew Exline, Sarah Karow, Emily Robart, Paulo Nunes Maldonado, Maryiam Khan, Preston So, Madison So, Elizabeth Schwartz, Mena Botros, Akram Khan, Catherine L Hough, Haeun Jung, Jesus Martinez, Andrea Luong, Bao Huynh, Habiba Ibrahim, Cynthia Villanueva-Vargas, Juliana Villanueva-Vargas, Suha Quadri, Jennifer G Wilson, Alexandra June Gordon, Cynthia Perez, Lily Lau, Ismail Hakki Bekiroglu, Nida Qadir, Steven Chang, Trevor Frankel, Omai Garner, Sukantha Chandrasekaran, Adit Ginde, David Douin, Kelly Jensen, David Huynh, Aimee Steinwand, Cori Withers, Nicholas Mohr, Anne Zepeski, Paul Nassar, Shannon Landers, Karin Nielsen, Noble Briggs, Cathy Fairfield, Chris Mallow, Carolina Rivas, Emily Martin, Arnold Monto, Adam Lauring, E J McSpadden, Rachel Truscon, Anne Kaniclides, Lara Thomas, Ramsay Bielak, Weronika Damek Valvano, Rebecca Fong, William J Fitzsimmons, Christopher Blair, Julie Gilbert, Leigh Baker, Nicholas Johnson, Vasisht Srinivasan, Christine D Crider, Kyle A Steinbock, Thomas C Paulsen, Layla A Anderson, Wesley H Self, H Keipp Talbot, Carlos Grijalva, Ian Jones, Natasha Halasa, James Chappell, Kelsey Womack, Jillian Rhoads, Adrienne Baughman, Christy Kampe, Jakea Johnson, Kim Hart, Todd Rice, Jonathan Casey, William B Stubblefield, Yuwei Zhu, Laura L Short, Lauren J Ezzell, Margaret E Whitsett, Rendie E McHenry, Samarian J Hargrave, Marcia Blair, Jennifer L Luther, Claudia Guevara Pulido, Bryan P M Peterson, D Clark Files, Kevin Gibbs, Mary LaRose, Leigha Landreth, Madeline Hicks, Lisa Parks, Hilary Babcock, Jennie Kwon, Jahnavi Bongu, David McDonald, Candice Cass, Sondra Seiler, David Park, Tiffany Hink, Meghan Wallace, Carey-Ann Burnham, Olivia G Arter

Affiliations

¹ Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
² Department of Emergency Medicine and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³ Department of Pediatrics, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple and Dallas, Texas, USA.
⁴ Department of Medical Education, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.
⁵ Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.
⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷ Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
⁸ Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁹ Department of Emergency Medicine and Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
¹¹ Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
¹² Department of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
¹³ Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
²⁰ Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
²¹ School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
²² Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
²³ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
²⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²⁵ Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
²⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
²⁷ Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
²⁸ Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
²⁹ Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³⁰ Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³¹ Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³² Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

PMID: 37255285
PMCID: PMC10526883
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad276

Changing Severity and Epidemiology of Adults Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States After Introduction of COVID-19 Vaccines, March 2021-August 2022

Noah Kojima et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2023.

. 2023 Aug 22;77(4):547-557.

doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad276.

Authors

Collaborators

Investigating Respiratory Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network:
Manjusha Gaglani, Tresa McNeal, Shekhar Ghamande, Nicole Calhoun, Kempapura Murthy, Judy Herrick, Amanda McKillop, Eric Hoffman, Martha Zayed, Michael Smith, Jay Steingrub, Lori-Ann Kozikowski, Lesley De Souza, Scott Ouellette, Nathan I Shapiro, Michael Bolstad, Brianna Coviello, Robert Ciottone, Arnaldo Devilla, Ana Grafals, Conor Higgins, Carlo Ottanelli, Kimberly Redman, Douglas Scaffidi, Alexander Weingart, Diya Surie, Meredith McMorrow, Jennifer DeCuir, Natalie Thornburg, Brendan Flannery, Nathaniel Lewis, Mark Tenforde, Katherine Adams, Manish Patel, Omar Mehkri, Megan Mitchell, Zachary Griffith, Connery Brennan, Kiran Ashok, Bryan Poynter, Abhijit Duggal, Laurence Busse, Caitlin Ten Lohuis, Nicholas Stanley, Sophia Zhang, Matthew Prekker, Heidi Erickson, Anne Frosch, Audrey Hendrickson, Sean Caspers, Walker Tordsen, Olivia Kaus, Tyler Scharber, Ithan Peltan, Samuel Brown, Jenna Lumpkin, Cassie Smith, Hunter Marshall, David N Hager, Harith Ali, Richard E Rothman, Michelle Gong, Amira Mohamed, Rahul Nair, Jen-Ting Tina Chen, Matthew Exline, Sarah Karow, Emily Robart, Paulo Nunes Maldonado, Maryiam Khan, Preston So, Madison So, Elizabeth Schwartz, Mena Botros, Akram Khan, Catherine L Hough, Haeun Jung, Jesus Martinez, Andrea Luong, Bao Huynh, Habiba Ibrahim, Cynthia Villanueva-Vargas, Juliana Villanueva-Vargas, Suha Quadri, Jennifer G Wilson, Alexandra June Gordon, Cynthia Perez, Lily Lau, Ismail Hakki Bekiroglu, Nida Qadir, Steven Chang, Trevor Frankel, Omai Garner, Sukantha Chandrasekaran, Adit Ginde, David Douin, Kelly Jensen, David Huynh, Aimee Steinwand, Cori Withers, Nicholas Mohr, Anne Zepeski, Paul Nassar, Shannon Landers, Karin Nielsen, Noble Briggs, Cathy Fairfield, Chris Mallow, Carolina Rivas, Emily Martin, Arnold Monto, Adam Lauring, E J McSpadden, Rachel Truscon, Anne Kaniclides, Lara Thomas, Ramsay Bielak, Weronika Damek Valvano, Rebecca Fong, William J Fitzsimmons, Christopher Blair, Julie Gilbert, Leigh Baker, Nicholas Johnson, Vasisht Srinivasan, Christine D Crider, Kyle A Steinbock, Thomas C Paulsen, Layla A Anderson, Wesley H Self, H Keipp Talbot, Carlos Grijalva, Ian Jones, Natasha Halasa, James Chappell, Kelsey Womack, Jillian Rhoads, Adrienne Baughman, Christy Kampe, Jakea Johnson, Kim Hart, Todd Rice, Jonathan Casey, William B Stubblefield, Yuwei Zhu, Laura L Short, Lauren J Ezzell, Margaret E Whitsett, Rendie E McHenry, Samarian J Hargrave, Marcia Blair, Jennifer L Luther, Claudia Guevara Pulido, Bryan P M Peterson, D Clark Files, Kevin Gibbs, Mary LaRose, Leigha Landreth, Madeline Hicks, Lisa Parks, Hilary Babcock, Jennie Kwon, Jahnavi Bongu, David McDonald, Candice Cass, Sondra Seiler, David Park, Tiffany Hink, Meghan Wallace, Carey-Ann Burnham, Olivia G Arter

Affiliations

¹ Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
² Department of Emergency Medicine and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³ Department of Pediatrics, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple and Dallas, Texas, USA.
⁴ Department of Medical Education, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.
⁵ Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.
⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷ Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
⁸ Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁹ Department of Emergency Medicine and Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
¹¹ Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
¹² Department of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
¹³ Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
²⁰ Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
²¹ School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
²² Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
²³ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
²⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²⁵ Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
²⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
²⁷ Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
²⁸ Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
²⁹ Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³⁰ Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³¹ Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³² Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

PMID: 37255285
PMCID: PMC10526883
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad276

Abstract

Introduction: Understanding the changing epidemiology of adults hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) informs research priorities and public health policies.

Methods: Among adults (≥18 years) hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed, acute COVID-19 between 11 March 2021, and 31 August 2022 at 21 hospitals in 18 states, those hospitalized during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron-predominant period (BA.1, BA.2, BA.4/BA.5) were compared to those from earlier Alpha- and Delta-predominant periods. Demographic characteristics, biomarkers within 24 hours of admission, and outcomes, including oxygen support and death, were assessed.

Results: Among 9825 patients, median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 60 years (47-72), 47% were women, and 21% non-Hispanic Black. From the Alpha-predominant period (Mar-Jul 2021; N = 1312) to the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 sublineage-predominant period (Jun-Aug 2022; N = 1307): the percentage of patients who had ≥4 categories of underlying medical conditions increased from 11% to 21%; those vaccinated with at least a primary COVID-19 vaccine series increased from 7% to 67%; those ≥75 years old increased from 11% to 33%; those who did not receive any supplemental oxygen increased from 18% to 42%. Median (IQR) highest C-reactive protein and D-dimer concentration decreased from 42.0 mg/L (9.9-122.0) to 11.5 mg/L (2.7-42.8) and 3.1 mcg/mL (0.8-640.0) to 1.0 mcg/mL (0.5-2.2), respectively. In-hospital death peaked at 12% in the Delta-predominant period and declined to 4% during the BA.4/BA.5-predominant period.

Conclusions: Compared to adults hospitalized during early COVID-19 variant periods, those hospitalized during Omicron-variant COVID-19 were older, had multiple co-morbidities, were more likely to be vaccinated, and less likely to experience severe respiratory disease, systemic inflammation, coagulopathy, and death.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; death; hospitalization; severe disease.

Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. J. C. reports grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Department of Defense (DoD), outside the submitted work. J. C. reports receiving grants from the NIH, DoD, outside the submitted work. A. D, reports grants from the NIH and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) platform and Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL) network respectively, as well as consulting fees for Alung Technologies, outside the submitted work. S. C. reports receiving consulting fees from PureTech Health and Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals and participating as a Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) member for a neuromodulation study at University of California, Los Angeles, outside the submitted work. M. E. reports grants from NIH and Regeneron, personal funds for speaking at the ASPEN conference for Abbott Labs, and payment for testimony from Medical Legal Expert Witness, outside the submitted work. M. G. reports receiving grants from CDC, CDC-Abt Associates, CDC-Westat, and Janssen, and served as co-chair of the Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee for the Texas Pediatric Society, outside the submitted work. K. G. reports grants from NIH and DoD, outside the submitted work. A. G. reports receiving grants from NIH, DoD, AbbVie, and Faron Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. M. N. G. reports grants from NHLBI, CDC, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), speaking at medicine grand rounds at New York Medical College, travel support for the American Thoracic Society (ATS) executive meeting and serving as ATS Chair Critical Care Assembly, DSMB membership fees from Regeneron, and participating on the scientific advisory panel for Endpoint, outside the submitted work. D. H. reports receiving grants from NHLBI, outside the submitted work. A. K. reports receiving grants from United Therapeutics, Johnson & Johnson, 4D Medical, Eli Lily, Dompe Pharmaceuticals, and GlaxoSmithKline; and serves on the guidelines committee for Chest, outside the submitted work. J. K. reports a grant from NIH, outside the submitted work A. L. reports receiving grants from CDC, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Flu Lab, and consulting fees from Sanofi and Roche for consulting on oseltamivir and baloxavir respectively, outside the submitted work. E. M. reports grants from Flu Lab, Merck, and NIH outside the submitted work. T. N. reports receiving a grant from CDC, receiving a one-time payment for participating as a virtual webinar panelist for Clinical Updates in Heart Failure, and being a Practice Management Committee member for Society of Hospital Medicine, outside the submitted work. I. D, P. reports grants from NIH/NHLBI, Janssen Pharmaceuticals and institutional support from Regeneron, outside the submitted work. J. S. reports a grant from NHLBI, outside the submitted work. W. B. S, reports grants from NIH/NHLBI, outside the submitted work. J. W. reports a grant from NIH/NHLBI, payment for the American College of Emergency Physicians speaker honorarium and participating on the American Board of Internal Medicine Critical Care Exam Committee, outside the submitted work. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

Figures

**Figure 1.**
(A) Age group of hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 by week and predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant period—IVY Network, United States, 11 March 2021–31 August 2022. (B) Number of categories of underlying medical conditions among hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 by week and by predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant period. Categories of medical conditions included autoimmune, cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hematologic, kidney, neurologic, and pulmonary diseases. (C) Vaccination status of hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 by week and by predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant period. (D) Highest level of supplemental oxygen received among hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 by week and predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant period. (E) Patient status (dead, still hospitalized, or discharged from the hospital) 28 days following hospital admission among hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 by week and predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant period. Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HFNC, high flow nasal cannula; IMV. invasive mechanical ventilation; NIPPV, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation; O₂, oxygen; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Diverse Population.
Lundgren J. Lundgren J. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Aug 22;77(4):558-559. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad280. Clin Infect Dis. 2023. PMID: 37255313 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
SARS-CoV-2 Case-Definitions Must Include Clinical Criteria: Reply to Kojima et al.
Allan-Blitz LT, Klausner JD. Allan-Blitz LT, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Nov 30;77(11):1613-1614. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad413. Clin Infect Dis. 2023. PMID: 37417204 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

References

1. Tenforde MW, Self WH, Adams K, et al. Association between mRNA vaccination and COVID-19 hospitalization and disease severity. JAMA 2021; 326:2043. - PMC - PubMed
1. Adams K, Rhoads JP, Surie D, et al. Vaccine effectiveness of primary series and booster doses against COVID-19 associated hospital admissions in the United States: living test negative design study. BMJ 2022; 379:e072065. - PMC - PubMed
1. Tenforde MW, Self WH, Gaglani M, et al. Effectiveness of mRNA vaccination in preventing COVID-19–associated invasive mechanical ventilation and death—United States, March 2021–January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:459–65. - PMC - PubMed
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Changing Severity and Epidemiology of Adults Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States After Introduction of COVID-19 Vaccines, March 2021-August 2022

Collaborators

Affiliations

Changing Severity and Epidemiology of Adults Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States After Introduction of COVID-19 Vaccines, March 2021-August 2022

Authors

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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