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. 2023 Sep;280(9):4261-4269.
doi: 10.1007/s00405-023-08041-6. Epub 2023 May 31.

Degenerative changes induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation in rat sublingual glands

Gabriel Carvalhal de Aguiar  1 , Ana Carolina Flygare Souza  1 , Daniel Vitor de Souza  1 , Marcos Monico Neto  1 , Luciana Le Sueur-Maluf  1 , Andrea Cristina de Moraes Malinverni  2 , Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes  1 , Daniel Araki Ribeiro  3
Affiliations

Degenerative changes induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation in rat sublingual glands

Gabriel Carvalhal de Aguiar et al. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2023 Sep.

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sleep deprivation can induce degenerative changes in rat sublingual glands.

Methods: For this purpose, a total of 24 males were distributed into three groups: control (n = 8), in which the animals were not subjected to any procedure; sleep deprivation (n = 8) in which the animals were submitted to sleep deprivation for 96 h; recovery (n = 8), in which the animals were subjected to paradoxical sleep deprivation for 96 consecutive hours followed by 96 h without intervention. Morphological changes in sublingual glands as well as the immunoexpressions of some proteins, such as Ki-67, p16, cleaved caspase-3 and BCL-2 were investigated in this setting.

Results: The results showed that paradoxical sleep deprivation induced tissue degeneration as a result of the presence of pyknosis, vacuoles and areas of salivary retention, in the experimental groups. Expression of cleaved caspase 3 and BCL-2 were increased in both sleep deprivation and recovery groups. The analysis of Ki-67 showed an increase in expression only in the recovery group, associated with a decrease in p16 levels.

Conclusion: Sleep deprivation can induce a degenerative process in the parenchyma of sublingual gland by means of dysregulation of apoptosis associated with proliferative activity.

Keywords: Apoptosis; Cell proliferation; Rat; Sleep deprivation; Sublingual gland.

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