Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 May 17:10:1169617.
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1169617. eCollection 2023.

Multiplex analysis of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs after ischemic stroke reveals elevations in chemokines CXCL1 and MCP-1

Renee M Barber  1 , Simon R Platt  1 , Luisa De Risio  2 , Jamie Barber  3 , Kelsey R Robinson  1
Affiliations

Multiplex analysis of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs after ischemic stroke reveals elevations in chemokines CXCL1 and MCP-1

Renee M Barber et al. Front Vet Sci. .

Abstract

Introduction: Neuroinflammation that occurs in the brain after stroke has been shown to be important to disease pathogenesis and outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate a large number of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in dogs with clinically-confirmed, naturally occurring stroke.

Materials and methods: Fifteen dogs with a clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke and ten healthy control dogs were included in the study. A multiplex immunoassay was utilized to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid for GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, IP-10, CXCL1, MCP-1, and TNF-α.

Results: Mean concentrations of CXCL1 (stroke-436 pg/ml, control-267 pg/ml, p = 0.01) and MCP-1 (stroke-196 pg/ml, control-66 pg/ml, p ≤ 0.0001) were significantly elevated in dogs with stroke when compared with control dogs. Location and type of infarct, duration of clinical signs, and use of anti-inflammatory medications were not associated with differences in cytokine concentration.

Discussion: CXCL1 and MCP-1 may play a role in naturally occurring canine stroke and represent targets for future research.

Keywords: CXCL1; MCP-1; cerebrospinal fluid; cerebrovascular accident; chemokine; cytokine; dog; stroke.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

LD is an employee of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, a provider of veterinary services. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
MR images from dog 10 with a presumed ischemic infarct in the vascular territory of the striate arteries on the left. Transverse T2-weighted (A) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images (B) of the brain show a well-defined hyperintesity in the area of the head of the caudate nucleus extending ventrolaterally to the adjacent internal capsule. The lesion is hyperintense on diffusion weighted images (C) and hypointense on apparent diffusion coefficient map (D), consistent with restricted diffusion.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Logarithmically transformed cerebrospinal fluid CXCL1 and MCP-1 cytokine concentrations from dogs with stroke versus healthy controls. (A) CXCL1 (p = 0.01) and (B) MCP-1 (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in stroke dogs compared with healthy controls.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Gredal H, Toft N, Westrup U, Motta L, Gideon P, Arlien-Søborg P, et al. . Survival and clinical outcome of dogs with ischaemic stroke. Vet J. (2013) 196:408–13. 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.018 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Garosi L, McConnell JE, Platt SR, Barone G, Baron JC, de Lahunta A, et al. . Results of diagnostic investigations and long-term outcome of 33 dogs with brain infarction (2000–2004). J Vet Int Med. (2005) 19:725–31. 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02752.x - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lambertsen KL, Biber K, Finsen B. Inflammatory cytokines in experimental and human stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. (2012) 32:1677–98. 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.88 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gredal H, Thomsen BB, Boza-Serrano A, Garosi L, Rusbridge C, Anthony D, et al. . Interleukin-6 is increased in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of community-dwelling domestic dogs with acute ischaemic stroke. NeuroReport. (2017) 28:134–40. 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000728 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. McConnell JF, Garosi L, Platt SR. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of presumed cerebellar cerebrovascular accident in twelve dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. (2005) 46:1–10. 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00001.x - DOI - PubMed