Pulmonary thromboembolic disease associated with COVID-19 infection: a comparison between geriatric and non-geriatric populations

Abstract

Introduction: The magnitude of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among the elderly population is expected to rise. Our study compares the clinical and computed tomographical (CT) features of pulmonary thromboembolic (PTE) disease associated with COVID-19 infection in geriatric and non-geriatric cases, and explores the 60-day mortality rate in these two groups.

Materials and methods: We conducted this retrospective cross-sectional study in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Selangor, Malaysia. Patients admitted in April 2021 and May 2021 with concomitant COVID-19 infection and PTE disease were included. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were retrieved, whilst CTPA images were analysed by a senior radiologist.

Results: A total of 150 patients were recruited, comprising 45 geriatric patients and 105 non-geriatric patients. The prevalence rate of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia were higher among the geriatric cohort. Evidently, the percentage of patients with fever and diarrhoea were significantly higher among the non-geriatric cohort. The geriatric cohort also recorded a significantly lower absolute lymphocyte count at presentation and albumin level during admission. Despite earlier presentation, the geriatric cohort suffered from more severe diseases. Analysis of the CT features demonstrated that the most proximal pulmonary thrombosis specifically limited to the segmental and subsegmental pulmonary arteries in both cohorts. The elderly suffered from a significantly higher inhospital mortality rate and their cumulative probability of survival was significantly lower.

Conclusion: Typical COVID-19 symptoms may be absent among the elderly, prompting a lower threshold of suspicion during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the elderly demonstrated a higher probability of adverse outcomes despite earlier presentation and treatment.