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Review
. 2023 Jun 1;13(24):16488-16511.
doi: 10.1039/d3ra00866e. eCollection 2023 May 30.

Stimuli-responsive nanocarrier delivery systems for Pt-based antitumor complexes: a review

Tianshuai Wang  1   2 , Chen Wu  2 , Yanggen Hu  1   2 , Yan Zhang  2 , Junkai Ma  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Stimuli-responsive nanocarrier delivery systems for Pt-based antitumor complexes: a review

Tianshuai Wang et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

Platinum-based anticancer drugs play a crucial role in the clinical treatment of various cancers. However, the application of platinum-based drugs is heavily restricted by their severe toxicity and drug resistance/cross resistance. Various drug delivery systems have been developed to overcome these limitations of platinum-based chemotherapy. Stimuli-responsive nanocarrier drug delivery systems as one of the most promising strategies attract more attention. And huge progress in stimuli-responsive nanocarrier delivery systems of platinum-based drugs has been made. In these systems, a variety of triggers including endogenous and extracorporeal stimuli have been employed. Endogenous stimuli mainly include pH-, thermo-, enzyme- and redox-responsive nanocarriers. Extracorporeal stimuli include light-, magnetic field- and ultrasound responsive nanocarriers. In this review, we present the recent advances in stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems with different nanocarriers for improving the efficacy and reducing the side effects of platinum-based anticancer drugs.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Polymer-bound Pt complexes AP5280 and AP5346 showing a similar structure.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Polymers coordinated with Pt-based prodrugs by leaving groups.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. PCN conjugated platinum and loaded doxorubicin containing Pt prodrugs modified with various Pt/DOX ratios.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Peptide-based block copolymers conjugated with cisplatin.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Micelle-based pH-responsive nanodrug delivery system: (A) nuclear-crosslinked block ionomers with high cisplatin adsorption; (B) NC-6004 prepared in the form of CDDP polymer micelles; (C) release of CDDP from polymer micelles under a simulated tumor microenvironment.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. Synthesis of dendrimer-based pH-responsive nanodrugs. (A) Dendrimer-DACHPt; (B) dendrimer containing carboxyl-modified hyper-branched polyether (Suc-HPMHO) and cisplatin.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. Dendrimer-based pH-responsive nanodrug delivery system. (A) PCL-CDM-PAMAM/Pt; (B) construction and pH-responsive release of PCL-CDM-PAMAM/Pt-based nanodrug delivery system.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. (A) MSNP-based pH-responsive nanodrug delivery system; (B) MSN surfaces modified with carboxylates and CDDP substituted with hydroxo.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. (A) Novel biocompatible 2D MOFs loading cisplatin through forming favorable carboxyl–drug interactions; (B) NCPs for Pt(iv) prodrug delivery.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10. MNP-based pH-responsive nanodrug delivery system.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11. HSPt-PEG-SPION nanodrug delivery system.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12. CNT-based enzyme responsive nanodrug delivery system.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13. DEGNP-based enzyme responsive nanodrug delivery system.
Fig. 14
Fig. 14. Te-based micelle enzyme responsive nanodrug delivery system.
Fig. 15
Fig. 15. (A) Structure of folate-decorated polymeric Pt(ii) prodrug micelles; (B) structure of micelles constructed by branched polyethyleneimine.
Fig. 16
Fig. 16. Micelle-based redox-responsive nanodrug delivery system.
Fig. 17
Fig. 17. Glutathione redox-responsive nanoparticles for Pt(iv) prodrug delivery.
Fig. 18
Fig. 18. Co-delivery of DOX, CDDP, and MTX by thermosensitive hydrogels.
Fig. 19
Fig. 19. SWCNT-based thermo-responsive nanodrug delivery system.
Fig. 20
Fig. 20. Ultrasound-responsive nanodrug delivery system.
Fig. 21
Fig. 21. Micellar nanoparticle based light responsive delivery system. Concluding the structures and synthesis methods of photo-sensitive Pt(iv)-azide prodrugs.
Fig. 22
Fig. 22. UCNP-based light responsive nanodrug delivery system combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) and platinum chemotherapy.
Fig. 23
Fig. 23. Lanthanide-doped UCNP-based light responsive nanodrug delivery system.
Fig. 24
Fig. 24. The block polymer based light responsive nanodrug delivery system. The nanoparticle encapsulated with cisplatin and photosensitive indocyanine green (ICG) dye.
Fig. 25
Fig. 25. RBC membrane-cloaked nanoparticles as a light responsive nano drug delivery system. (A) R-RBC@BPtI; (B) R-RBC@BPtI shows significant instability under NIR irradiation.
Fig. 26
Fig. 26. Around the QDs-based light responsive nanodrug delivery system, PET could be used to photoregulatedly generate a Pt(ii) complex between the CdSe-ZnS QDs and the Pt(iv) complex.
Fig. 27
Fig. 27. MNP-based magnetic responsive nanodrug delivery system.
Fig. 28
Fig. 28. HSA@NP-based pH/redox dual-responsive nanodrug delivery system. Low pH value can trigger the conjugated nanoparticles to release their active species of cisplatin rapidly.
Fig. 29
Fig. 29. DATAT-NP/Pt hierarchical stimuli-responsive nanodrug delivery system. The TAT peptide bond with import receptors can promote cellular internalization and actively transport cargos into cellular nuclei.
Fig. 30
Fig. 30. SMSANP-based redox/light dual-responsive drug delivery system. Host–guest interactions of porphyrin and Pt(iv) prodrug bridged β-CD dimer.
Fig. 31
Fig. 31. UCNP-based redox/light dual-responsive drug delivery system.
Fig. 32
Fig. 32. NGO-based redox/light dual-responsive drug delivery system.
Fig. 33
Fig. 33. Photo-magnetic dual-responsive drug delivery system. The photo-magnetic dual-responsive nanocarrier was constructed with cisplatin loading on a double-layered shell thermo-activated polymer network.
Fig. 34
Fig. 34. Multistage redox/pH/H2O2-responsive drug delivery system.
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