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. 2023 Feb 7;6(1):79-98.
doi: 10.26828/cannabis/2023.01.007. eCollection 2023.

Early Birds and Night Owls: Distinguishing Profiles of Cannabis Use Habits by Use Times with Latent Class Analysis

Eleftherios Hetelekides  1 , Verlin W Joseph  2 , Matthew R Pearson  2 , Adrian J Bravo  1 , Mark A Prince  3 , Bradley T Conner  3 ; Cross-Cultural Addictions Study Team; Protective Strategies Study Team; Marijuana Outcomes Study Team
Affiliations

Early Birds and Night Owls: Distinguishing Profiles of Cannabis Use Habits by Use Times with Latent Class Analysis

Eleftherios Hetelekides et al. Cannabis. .

Abstract

Background: Understanding, predicting, and reducing the harms associated with cannabis use is an important field of study. Timing (i.e., hour of day and day of week) of substance use is an established risk factor of severity of dependence. However, there has been little attention paid to morning use of cannabis and its associations with negative consequences.

Objectives: The goal of the present study was to examine whether distinct classifications of cannabis use habits exist based on timing, and whether these classifications differ on cannabis use indicators, motives for using cannabis, use of protective behavioral strategies, and cannabis-related negative outcomes.

Methods: Latent class analyses were conducted on four independent samples of college student cannabis users (Project MOST 1, N=2,056; Project MOST 2, N=1846; Project PSST, N=1,971; Project CABS, N=1,122).

Results: Results determined that a 5-class solution best fit the data within each independent sample consisting of the classes: (1) "Daily-morning use",(2) "Daily-non-morning use", (3) "Weekend-morning use", (4) "Weekend-night use", and (5) "Weekend-evening use." Classes endorsing daily and/or morning use reported greater use, negative consequences and motives, while those endorsing weekend and/or non-morning use reported the most adaptive outcomes (i.e., reduced frequency/quantity of use, fewer consequences experienced, and fewer cannabis use disorder symptoms endorsed).

Conclusions: Recreational daily use as well as morning use may be associated with greater negative consequences, and there is evidence that most college students who use cannabis do avoid these types of use. The results of the present study offer evidence that timing of cannabis use may be a pertinent factor in determining harms associated with use.

Keywords: cannabis motives; cannabis use; morning; night; time of use; weekday; weekend.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Depiction of endorsement rates of cannabis use times across the four independent samples. Note that days of the week and times of day are dichotomized variables, thus values are interpreted as the percentage of the sample that endorsed using marijuana on a particular day and at specific times over the course of a day (in terms of six 4-hour blocks of time)
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Depiction of the five latent classes defined by the percent likelihood that a participant assigned to a class endorsed using cannabis on each day of a typical week and at specific times over the course of a day (in terms of six 4-hour blocks of time) across four independent samples. Note that days of the week and times of day are dichotomized variables, thus values are interpreted as the percentage of each class that endorsed using marijuana on a particular day and at specific times over the course of a day. Class 1 = Daily, morning use; Class 2 = Daily, non-morning use; Class 3 = Weekend, morning use; Class 4 = Weekend, evening use; Class 5 = Weekend, afternoon use.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Depiction of the five latent classes defined by the percent likelihood that a participant assigned to a class endorsed using cannabis on each day of a typical week and at specific times over the course of a day (in terms of six 4-hour blocks of time) across four independent samples. Note that days of the week and times of day are dichotomized variables, thus values are interpreted as the percentage of each class that endorsed using marijuana on a particular day and at specific times over the course of a day. Class 1 = Daily, morning use; Class 2 = Daily, non-morning use; Class 3 = Weekend, morning use; Class 4 = Weekend, evening use; Class 5 = Weekend, afternoon use.
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