Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

Marlee A Tucker¹, Aafke M Schipper¹, Tempe S F Adams², Nina Attias^{3

4}, Tal Avgar⁵, Natarsha L Babic⁶, Kristin J Barker⁷, Guillaume Bastille-Rousseau⁸, Dominik M Behr^{9

10}, Jerrold L Belant¹¹, Dean E Beyer Jr¹¹, Niels Blaum¹², J David Blount¹³, Dirk Bockmühl¹⁴, Ricardo Luiz Pires Boulhosa¹⁵, Michael B Brown^{16

17}, Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar¹⁸, Francesca Cagnacci¹⁹, Justin M Calabrese^{20

21}, Rok Černe²², Simon Chamaillé-Jammes^{23

24}, Aung Nyein Chan^{17

25}, Michael J Chase², Yannick Chaval^{26

27}, Yvette Chenaux-Ibrahim²⁸, Seth G Cherry²⁹, Duško Ćirović³⁰, Emrah Çoban³¹, Eric K Cole³², Laura Conlee³³, Alyson Courtemanch³⁴, Gabriele Cozzi^{9

10}, Sarah C Davidson^{35

36

37}, Darren DeBloois³⁸, Nandintsetseg Dejid³⁹, Vickie DeNicola⁴⁰, Arnaud L J Desbiez^{3

41

42}, Iain Douglas-Hamilton^{43

44}, David Drake⁴⁵, Michael Egan^{8

27}, Jasper A J Eikelboom⁴⁶, William F Fagan²¹, Morgan J Farmer⁴⁷, Julian Fennessy¹⁶, Shannon P Finnegan⁴⁸, Christen H Fleming^{21

49}, Bonnie Fournier⁵⁰, Nicholas L Fowler^{48

51}, Mariela G Gantchoff^{52

53}, Alexandre Garnier^{26

54}, Benedikt Gehr⁵⁵, Chris Geremia⁵⁶, Jacob R Goheen⁵⁷, Morgan L Hauptfleisch⁵⁸, Mark Hebblewhite⁵⁹, Morten Heim⁶⁰, Anne G Hertel⁶¹, Marco Heurich^{62

63

64}, A J Mark Hewison^{26

27}, James Hodson⁶⁵, Nicholas Hoffman⁶⁶, J Grant C Hopcraft⁶⁷, Djuro Huber⁶⁸, Edmund J Isaac²⁸, Karolina Janik⁶⁹, Miloš Ježek⁷⁰, Örjan Johansson^{71

72}, Neil R Jordan^{10

73

74}, Petra Kaczensky^{75

76}, Douglas N Kamaru^{57

77}, Matthew J Kauffman⁷⁸, Todd M Kautz⁴⁸, Roland Kays^{79

80}, Allicia P Kelly⁸¹, Jonas Kindberg^{82

83}, Miha Krofel^{84

85}, Josip Kusak⁶⁸, Clayton T Lamb⁸⁶, Tayler N LaSharr⁸⁷, Peter Leimgruber¹⁷, Horst Leitner⁸⁸, Michael Lierz⁸⁹, John D C Linnell^{60

90}, Purevjav Lkhagvaja⁹¹, Ryan A Long⁹², José Vicente López-Bao⁹³, Matthias-Claudio Loretto^{35

94

95}, Pascal Marchand⁹⁶, Hans Martin⁵⁹, Lindsay A Martinez⁹⁷, Roy T McBride Jr⁹⁸, Ashley A D McLaren^{99

100}, Erling Meisingset¹⁰¹, Joerg Melzheimer¹⁴, Evelyn H Merrill¹⁰², Arthur D Middleton⁷, Kevin L Monteith⁸⁷, Seth A Moore²⁸, Bram Van Moorter⁶⁰, Nicolas Morellet^{26

27}, Thomas Morrison⁶⁷, Rebekka Müller¹⁴, Atle Mysterud¹⁰³, Michael J Noonan¹⁰⁴, David O'Connor^{105

106

107}, Daniel Olson³⁸, Kirk A Olson¹⁰⁸, Anna C Ortega^{97

109}, Federico Ossi¹⁹, Manuela Panzacchi⁶⁰, Robert Patchett¹¹⁰, Brent R Patterson^{111

112}, Rogerio Cunha de Paula¹¹³, John Payne¹¹⁴, Wibke Peters¹¹⁵, Tyler R Petroelje⁴⁸, Benjamin J Pitcher^{74

116}, Boštjan Pokorny^{117

118

119}, Kim Poole¹²⁰, Hubert Potočnik¹²¹, Marie-Pier Poulin¹²², Robert M Pringle¹²³, Herbert H T Prins¹²⁴, Nathan Ranc^{19

26

125}, Slaven Reljić^{68

126}, Benjamin Robb⁹⁷, Ralf Röder¹⁴, Christer M Rolandsen⁶⁰, Christian Rutz¹¹⁰, Albert R Salemgareyev¹²⁷, Gustaf Samelius^{72

128}, Heather Sayine-Crawford⁶⁵, Sarah Schooler⁴⁸, Çağan H Şekercioğlu^{13

31

129}, Nuria Selva^{130

131}, Paola Semenzato^{19

132}, Agnieszka Sergiel¹³⁰, Koustubh Sharma^{133

134

135

136}, Avery L Shawler⁷, Johannes Signer¹³⁷, Václav Silovský⁷⁰, João Paulo Silva^{138

139}, Richard Simon¹⁴⁰, Rachel A Smiley⁸⁷, Douglas W Smith⁵⁶, Erling J Solberg⁶⁰, Diego Ellis-Soto^{141

142

143}, Orr Spiegel¹⁴⁴, Jared Stabach¹⁷, Jenna Stacy-Dawes¹⁴⁵, Daniel R Stahler⁵⁶, John Stephenson¹⁴⁶, Cheyenne Stewart¹⁴⁷, Olav Strand⁶⁰, Peter Sunde¹⁴⁸, Nathan J Svoboda¹⁴⁹, Jonathan Swart¹⁵⁰, Jeffrey J Thompson^{151

152}, Katrina L Toal¹⁴⁰, Kenneth Uiseb¹⁵³, Meredith C VanAcker^{17

154}, Marianela Velilla^{151

152

155}, Tana L Verzuh⁸⁷, Bettina Wachter¹⁴, Brittany L Wagler⁸⁷, Jesse Whittington¹⁵⁶, Martin Wikelski^{35

157}, Christopher C Wilmers¹⁵⁸, George Wittemyer^{43

159}, Julie K Young^{160

161}, Filip Zięba¹⁶², Tomasz Zwijacz-Kozica¹⁶², Mark A J Huijbregts¹, Thomas Mueller^{17

39

163}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
² Elephants Without Borders, P.O. Box 682, Kasane, Botswana.
³ Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
⁴ Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
⁵ Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
⁶ School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
⁷ Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
⁸ Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901.
⁹ Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH - 8057 Zürich.
¹⁰ Botswana Predator Conservation, Private Bag 13, Maun, Botswana.
¹¹ Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
¹² University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
¹³ School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
¹⁵ Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP, 12945010 Brazil.
¹⁶ Giraffe Conservation Foundation, Eros, PO Box 86099, Windhoek, Namibia.
¹⁷ Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.
¹⁸ Wildlife Conservation Society, Mongolia Program, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
¹⁹ Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
²⁰ Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Goerlitz, Germany.
²¹ Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, 4094 Campus Dr, College Park, MA, USA.
²² Slovenia Forest service, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
²³ CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
²⁴ Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
²⁵ Dept. Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA.
²⁶ Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
²⁷ LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, F-31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
²⁸ Department of Biology and Environment, Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Grand Portage, MN 55605 USA.
²⁹ Parks Canada Agency, Box 220, Radium Hot Springs, BC, V0A 1M0, Canada.
³⁰ Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
³¹ KuzeyDoğa Society, Ortakapı Mah. Şehit Yusuf Cad. 69, 36100 Kars, Turkey.
³² U.S. Fish and Wildlfe Service, National Elk Refuge, PO Box 510, Jackson, WY 83001.
³³ Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
³⁴ Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Jackson, WY 83001, USA.
³⁵ Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, OH, USA.
³⁸ Utah Division of Wildlife Resources.
³⁹ Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
⁴⁰ White Buffalo Inc., 26 Davison Road, Moodus, CT 06469 USA.
⁴¹ Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS), Murrayfield, Edinburgh, UK.
⁴² Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ), Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴³ Save the Elephants, Marula Manor, Marula Lane, Karen, Nairobi 00200, Kenya.
⁴⁴ Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706 USA.
⁴⁶ Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands.
⁴⁷ Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
⁴⁸ Global Wildlife Conservation Center, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
⁴⁹ Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA, USA.
⁵⁰ Wildlife and Fish Division, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 1320, Yellowknife, NT, Canada.
⁵¹ Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 43961 Kalifornsky Beach Road, Suite B, Soldotna, AK 99669, USA.
⁵² State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
⁵³ Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469 USA.
⁵⁴ Parc National des Pyrénées, 65000 Tarbes, France.
⁵⁵ Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁵⁶ Yellowstone Center for Resources, PO Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190.
⁵⁷ Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
⁵⁸ Biodiversity Research Centre, Namibia University of Science and Technnology Pvt bag 13388 Windhoek, Namibia.
⁵⁹ Wildlife Biology Program, Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59801.
⁶⁰ Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Terrestrial Ecology Department, P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, 7485 Trondheim, Norway.
⁶¹ Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
⁶² Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Straße 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany.
⁶³ Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Biology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
⁶⁴ Institute for forest and wildlife management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Campus Evenstad, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, NO-2480 Koppang, Norway.
⁶⁵ Wildlife and Fish Division, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 1320, Yellowknife, NT Canada X1A 2L9.
⁶⁶ Ecological Program, Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, Fort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training Center, Annville, PA 17003, USA.
⁶⁷ Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK G12 8QQ.
⁶⁸ Veterinary Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
⁶⁹ City of New York Parks and Recreation, Wildlife Unit, 1234 5th Avenue, 5th Floor, NY 10029.
⁷⁰ Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic.
⁷¹ Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden.
⁷² Snow Leopard Trust, 4649 Sunnyside Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
⁷³ Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
⁷⁴ Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society, Sydney, NSW, 2088, Australia.
⁷⁵ Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Norway.
⁷⁶ University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Austria.
⁷⁷ Wildlife Department, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Private Bag-10400, Nanyuki, Kenya.
⁷⁸ U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
⁷⁹ North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, 27601, USA.
⁸⁰ Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
⁸¹ Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 2668, Yellowknife, NT Canada X1A 2P9.
⁸² Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7484 Trondheim, Norway.
⁸³ Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE- 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
⁸⁴ Department of Forestry, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁸⁵ Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred- Kowalke- Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
⁸⁶ Biological Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9 Canada.
⁸⁷ Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 804 East Fremont, Laramie, WY 82072.
⁸⁸ Büro für Wildökologie und Forstwirtschaft, Klagenfurth, Austria.
⁸⁹ Clinic for birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
⁹⁰ Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Anne Evenstads vei 80, 2480 Koppang, Norway.
⁹¹ Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
⁹² Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA.
⁹³ Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC - Oviedo University - Principality of Asturias), Oviedo University, E-33600 Mieres, Spain.
⁹⁴ Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, 85354 Freising, Germany.
⁹⁵ Berchtesgaden National Park, 83471 Berchtesgaden, Germany.
⁹⁶ Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Expertise, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, Juvignac, France.
⁹⁷ Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
⁹⁸ Faro Moro Eco Research, Estancia Faro Moro, Departmento de Boquerón, Paraguay.
⁹⁹ Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Highway 5, PO Box 900, Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, X0E 0P0, Canada.
¹⁰¹ Department of Forestry and Forestry resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Tingvoll gard, NO-6630 Tingvoll, Norway.
¹⁰² Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
¹⁰³ Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
¹⁰⁵ Save Giraffe Now, 8333 Douglas Avenue, Suite 300, Dallas, Texas 75225.
¹⁰⁶ The Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁰⁷ National Geographic Partners, 1145 17th Street NW, Washington DC 20036, USA.
¹⁰⁸ Wildlife Conservation Society, Mongolia Program. Post 20A, Box 21, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia.
¹⁰⁹ Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
¹¹⁰ Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Sir Harold Mitchell Building, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, UK.
¹¹¹ Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
¹¹² Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
¹¹³ Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Atibaia, SP, 12952011 Brazil.
¹¹⁴ Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
¹¹⁵ Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Wildlife Management, Bavarian State Institute for Forestry, Hans-Carl-von Carlowitz Platz 1, 85354 Freising.
¹¹⁶ School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
¹¹⁷ Faculty of Environmental Protection, Trg mladosti 7, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia.
¹¹⁸ Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹¹⁹ Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia.
¹²⁰ Aurora Wildlife Research, 1918 Shannon Point Rd., Nelson, BC, V1L 6K1 Canada.
¹²¹ Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹²² Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071 USA.
¹²³ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
¹²⁴ Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, Netherlands.
¹²⁵ Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA.
¹²⁶ Oikon Ltd, Institute of Applied Ecology, Trg Senjskih uskoka 1-2, HR-10020 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹²⁷ Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK), Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.
¹²⁸ Nordens Ark, 456 93 Hunnebostrand, Sweden.
¹²⁹ Koç University Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Rumelifeneri, Istanbul, Sarıyer, Turkey.
¹³⁰ Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland.
¹³¹ Departamento de Ciencias Integradas, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Física, Matemáticas y Computación, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
¹³² Dimension Research, Ecology and Environment (D.R.E.Am. Italia), Via Garibaldi, 3, 52015 Pratovecchio Stia (AR), Italy.
¹³³ Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
¹³⁴ Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
¹³⁵ Snow Leopard Foundation, Kyrgyzstan Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
¹³⁶ Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore 570002, India.
¹³⁷ Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen Germany.
¹³⁸ CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
¹³⁹ BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
¹⁴⁰ City of New York Parks and Recreation, Wildlife Unit, 1234 5th Avenue, 5th Floor, NY, NY, 10029.
¹⁴¹ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
¹⁴² Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
¹⁴³ Max Planck - Yale Center for Biodiversity Movement and Global Change, Yale University.
¹⁴⁴ School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
¹⁴⁵ San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027 USA.
¹⁴⁶ Grand Teton National Park, PO Drawer 170, Moose, Wyoming 83012 USA.
¹⁴⁷ Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 700 Valley View Dr. Sheridan, WY 82801.
¹⁴⁸ Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience - Wildlife Ecology, C.F. Møllers Allé 4-8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
¹⁴⁹ Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kodiak, AK 99615, USA.
¹⁵⁰ Welgevonden Game Reserve, P.O. Box 433, Vaalwater, South Africa.
¹⁵¹ Guyra Paraguay - CONACYT, Asunción, Paraguay.
¹⁵² Instituto Saite, Asunción, Paraguay.
¹⁵³ Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, Windhoek, Namibia.
¹⁵⁴ Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, NY, NY 10027.
¹⁵⁵ School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
¹⁵⁶ Park Canada, Banff National Park Resource Conservation. PO Box 900, Banff, Alberta, Canada. T1L 1K2.
¹⁵⁷ Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
¹⁵⁸ Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz CA, 95064 USA.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
¹⁶⁰ USDA National Wildlife Research Center, Predator Research Facility, Millville, UT 84326 USA.
¹⁶¹ Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
¹⁶² Tatra National Park, Kuźnice 1, 34-500, Zakopane, Poland.
¹⁶³ Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

PMID: 37289888
DOI: 10.1126/science.abo6499

Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

Marlee A Tucker et al. Science. 2023.

. 2023 Jun 9;380(6649):1059-1064.

doi: 10.1126/science.abo6499. Epub 2023 Jun 8.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
² Elephants Without Borders, P.O. Box 682, Kasane, Botswana.
³ Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
⁴ Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
⁵ Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
⁶ School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
⁷ Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
⁸ Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901.
⁹ Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH - 8057 Zürich.
¹⁰ Botswana Predator Conservation, Private Bag 13, Maun, Botswana.
¹¹ Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
¹² University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
¹³ School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
¹⁵ Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP, 12945010 Brazil.
¹⁶ Giraffe Conservation Foundation, Eros, PO Box 86099, Windhoek, Namibia.
¹⁷ Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.
¹⁸ Wildlife Conservation Society, Mongolia Program, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
¹⁹ Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
²⁰ Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Goerlitz, Germany.
²¹ Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, 4094 Campus Dr, College Park, MA, USA.
²² Slovenia Forest service, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
²³ CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
²⁴ Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
²⁵ Dept. Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA.
²⁶ Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
²⁷ LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, F-31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
²⁸ Department of Biology and Environment, Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Grand Portage, MN 55605 USA.
²⁹ Parks Canada Agency, Box 220, Radium Hot Springs, BC, V0A 1M0, Canada.
³⁰ Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
³¹ KuzeyDoğa Society, Ortakapı Mah. Şehit Yusuf Cad. 69, 36100 Kars, Turkey.
³² U.S. Fish and Wildlfe Service, National Elk Refuge, PO Box 510, Jackson, WY 83001.
³³ Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
³⁴ Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Jackson, WY 83001, USA.
³⁵ Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, OH, USA.
³⁸ Utah Division of Wildlife Resources.
³⁹ Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
⁴⁰ White Buffalo Inc., 26 Davison Road, Moodus, CT 06469 USA.
⁴¹ Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS), Murrayfield, Edinburgh, UK.
⁴² Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ), Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴³ Save the Elephants, Marula Manor, Marula Lane, Karen, Nairobi 00200, Kenya.
⁴⁴ Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706 USA.
⁴⁶ Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands.
⁴⁷ Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
⁴⁸ Global Wildlife Conservation Center, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
⁴⁹ Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA, USA.
⁵⁰ Wildlife and Fish Division, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 1320, Yellowknife, NT, Canada.
⁵¹ Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 43961 Kalifornsky Beach Road, Suite B, Soldotna, AK 99669, USA.
⁵² State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
⁵³ Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469 USA.
⁵⁴ Parc National des Pyrénées, 65000 Tarbes, France.
⁵⁵ Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁵⁶ Yellowstone Center for Resources, PO Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190.
⁵⁷ Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
⁵⁸ Biodiversity Research Centre, Namibia University of Science and Technnology Pvt bag 13388 Windhoek, Namibia.
⁵⁹ Wildlife Biology Program, Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59801.
⁶⁰ Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Terrestrial Ecology Department, P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, 7485 Trondheim, Norway.
⁶¹ Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
⁶² Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Straße 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany.
⁶³ Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Biology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
⁶⁴ Institute for forest and wildlife management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Campus Evenstad, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, NO-2480 Koppang, Norway.
⁶⁵ Wildlife and Fish Division, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 1320, Yellowknife, NT Canada X1A 2L9.
⁶⁶ Ecological Program, Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, Fort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training Center, Annville, PA 17003, USA.
⁶⁷ Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK G12 8QQ.
⁶⁸ Veterinary Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
⁶⁹ City of New York Parks and Recreation, Wildlife Unit, 1234 5th Avenue, 5th Floor, NY 10029.
⁷⁰ Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic.
⁷¹ Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden.
⁷² Snow Leopard Trust, 4649 Sunnyside Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
⁷³ Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
⁷⁴ Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society, Sydney, NSW, 2088, Australia.
⁷⁵ Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Norway.
⁷⁶ University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Austria.
⁷⁷ Wildlife Department, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Private Bag-10400, Nanyuki, Kenya.
⁷⁸ U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
⁷⁹ North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, 27601, USA.
⁸⁰ Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
⁸¹ Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 2668, Yellowknife, NT Canada X1A 2P9.
⁸² Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7484 Trondheim, Norway.
⁸³ Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE- 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
⁸⁴ Department of Forestry, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁸⁵ Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred- Kowalke- Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
⁸⁶ Biological Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9 Canada.
⁸⁷ Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 804 East Fremont, Laramie, WY 82072.
⁸⁸ Büro für Wildökologie und Forstwirtschaft, Klagenfurth, Austria.
⁸⁹ Clinic for birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
⁹⁰ Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Anne Evenstads vei 80, 2480 Koppang, Norway.
⁹¹ Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
⁹² Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA.
⁹³ Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC - Oviedo University - Principality of Asturias), Oviedo University, E-33600 Mieres, Spain.
⁹⁴ Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group, 85354 Freising, Germany.
⁹⁵ Berchtesgaden National Park, 83471 Berchtesgaden, Germany.
⁹⁶ Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Expertise, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, Juvignac, France.
⁹⁷ Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
⁹⁸ Faro Moro Eco Research, Estancia Faro Moro, Departmento de Boquerón, Paraguay.
⁹⁹ Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, Highway 5, PO Box 900, Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, X0E 0P0, Canada.
¹⁰¹ Department of Forestry and Forestry resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Tingvoll gard, NO-6630 Tingvoll, Norway.
¹⁰² Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
¹⁰³ Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
¹⁰⁵ Save Giraffe Now, 8333 Douglas Avenue, Suite 300, Dallas, Texas 75225.
¹⁰⁶ The Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁰⁷ National Geographic Partners, 1145 17th Street NW, Washington DC 20036, USA.
¹⁰⁸ Wildlife Conservation Society, Mongolia Program. Post 20A, Box 21, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia.
¹⁰⁹ Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
¹¹⁰ Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Sir Harold Mitchell Building, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, UK.
¹¹¹ Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
¹¹² Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
¹¹³ Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Atibaia, SP, 12952011 Brazil.
¹¹⁴ Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
¹¹⁵ Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Wildlife Management, Bavarian State Institute for Forestry, Hans-Carl-von Carlowitz Platz 1, 85354 Freising.
¹¹⁶ School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
¹¹⁷ Faculty of Environmental Protection, Trg mladosti 7, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia.
¹¹⁸ Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹¹⁹ Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia.
¹²⁰ Aurora Wildlife Research, 1918 Shannon Point Rd., Nelson, BC, V1L 6K1 Canada.
¹²¹ Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹²² Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071 USA.
¹²³ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
¹²⁴ Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, Netherlands.
¹²⁵ Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA.
¹²⁶ Oikon Ltd, Institute of Applied Ecology, Trg Senjskih uskoka 1-2, HR-10020 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹²⁷ Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK), Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.
¹²⁸ Nordens Ark, 456 93 Hunnebostrand, Sweden.
¹²⁹ Koç University Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Rumelifeneri, Istanbul, Sarıyer, Turkey.
¹³⁰ Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland.
¹³¹ Departamento de Ciencias Integradas, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Física, Matemáticas y Computación, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
¹³² Dimension Research, Ecology and Environment (D.R.E.Am. Italia), Via Garibaldi, 3, 52015 Pratovecchio Stia (AR), Italy.
¹³³ Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, WA 98103, USA.
¹³⁴ Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
¹³⁵ Snow Leopard Foundation, Kyrgyzstan Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
¹³⁶ Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore 570002, India.
¹³⁷ Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen Germany.
¹³⁸ CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
¹³⁹ BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
¹⁴⁰ City of New York Parks and Recreation, Wildlife Unit, 1234 5th Avenue, 5th Floor, NY, NY, 10029.
¹⁴¹ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
¹⁴² Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
¹⁴³ Max Planck - Yale Center for Biodiversity Movement and Global Change, Yale University.
¹⁴⁴ School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
¹⁴⁵ San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027 USA.
¹⁴⁶ Grand Teton National Park, PO Drawer 170, Moose, Wyoming 83012 USA.
¹⁴⁷ Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 700 Valley View Dr. Sheridan, WY 82801.
¹⁴⁸ Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience - Wildlife Ecology, C.F. Møllers Allé 4-8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
¹⁴⁹ Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kodiak, AK 99615, USA.
¹⁵⁰ Welgevonden Game Reserve, P.O. Box 433, Vaalwater, South Africa.
¹⁵¹ Guyra Paraguay - CONACYT, Asunción, Paraguay.
¹⁵² Instituto Saite, Asunción, Paraguay.
¹⁵³ Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, Windhoek, Namibia.
¹⁵⁴ Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, NY, NY 10027.
¹⁵⁵ School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
¹⁵⁶ Park Canada, Banff National Park Resource Conservation. PO Box 900, Banff, Alberta, Canada. T1L 1K2.
¹⁵⁷ Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
¹⁵⁸ Center for Integrated Spatial Research, Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz CA, 95064 USA.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
¹⁶⁰ USDA National Wildlife Research Center, Predator Research Facility, Millville, UT 84326 USA.
¹⁶¹ Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
¹⁶² Tatra National Park, Kuźnice 1, 34-500, Zakopane, Poland.
¹⁶³ Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

PMID: 37289888
DOI: 10.1126/science.abo6499

Abstract

COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals' 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12% and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.

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Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

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Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

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