Properties of Cosmic-Ray Sulfur and Determination of the Composition of Primary Cosmic-Ray Carbon, Neon, Magnesium, and Sulfur: Ten-Year Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
Affiliations
- 1 Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- 2 I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
- 3 INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
- 4 Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
- 5 Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- 6 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
- 7 European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
- 8 INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.
- 9 Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
- 10 INFN TIFPA, 38123 Trento, Italy.
- 11 Università di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy.
- 12 Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
- 13 Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
- 14 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.
- 15 Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy.
- 16 INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
- 17 DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
- 18 CNR-IROE, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
- 19 INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
- 20 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- 21 Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- 22 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
- 23 Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
- 24 Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou 310058, China.
- 25 Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.
- 26 INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- 27 Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- 28 Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
- 29 Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Türkiye.
- 30 Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France.
- 31 INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
- 32 Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.
- 33 Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.
- 34 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- 35 Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
- 36 Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, 01000 Mexico.
- 37 National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan.
- 38 Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
- 39 CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea.
- 40 Academia Sinica Grid Center (ASGC), Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- 41 Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- 42 NRNU MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, 115409 Russia.
- 43 Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
- 44 East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
- 45 IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
- 46 Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China.
- 47 Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
- 48 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), 00133 Roma, Italy.
- 49 Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field Physics, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan.
- 50 National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
- PMID: 37295095
- DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.211002
Properties of Cosmic-Ray Sulfur and Determination of the Composition of Primary Cosmic-Ray Carbon, Neon, Magnesium, and Sulfur: Ten-Year Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
Authors
Affiliations
- 1 Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- 2 I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
- 3 INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
- 4 Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
- 5 Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- 6 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
- 7 European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
- 8 INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.
- 9 Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
- 10 INFN TIFPA, 38123 Trento, Italy.
- 11 Università di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy.
- 12 Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
- 13 Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
- 14 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.
- 15 Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy.
- 16 INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
- 17 DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
- 18 CNR-IROE, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
- 19 INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
- 20 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- 21 Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- 22 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
- 23 Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
- 24 Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou 310058, China.
- 25 Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.
- 26 INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- 27 Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- 28 Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
- 29 Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Türkiye.
- 30 Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France.
- 31 INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
- 32 Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.
- 33 Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.
- 34 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- 35 Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
- 36 Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, 01000 Mexico.
- 37 National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan.
- 38 Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
- 39 CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea.
- 40 Academia Sinica Grid Center (ASGC), Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- 41 Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- 42 NRNU MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, 115409 Russia.
- 43 Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
- 44 East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
- 45 IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
- 46 Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China.
- 47 Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
- 48 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), 00133 Roma, Italy.
- 49 Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field Physics, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan.
- 50 National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
- PMID: 37295095
- DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.211002
Abstract
We report the properties of primary cosmic-ray sulfur (S) in the rigidity range 2.15 GV to 3.0 TV based on 0.38×10^{6} sulfur nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment (AMS). We observed that above 90 GV the rigidity dependence of the S flux is identical to the rigidity dependence of Ne-Mg-Si fluxes, which is different from the rigidity dependence of the He-C-O-Fe fluxes. We found that, similar to N, Na, and Al cosmic rays, over the entire rigidity range, the traditional primary cosmic rays S, Ne, Mg, and C all have sizeable secondary components, and the S, Ne, and Mg fluxes are well described by the weighted sum of the primary silicon flux and the secondary fluorine flux, and the C flux is well described by the weighted sum of the primary oxygen flux and the secondary boron flux. The primary and secondary contributions of the traditional primary cosmic-ray fluxes of C, Ne, Mg, and S (even Z elements) are distinctly different from the primary and secondary contributions of the N, Na, and Al (odd Z elements) fluxes. The abundance ratio at the source for S/Si is 0.167±0.006, for Ne/Si is 0.833±0.025, for Mg/Si is 0.994±0.029, and for C/O is 0.836±0.025. These values are determined independent of cosmic-ray propagation.
