Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 May 25;28(11):4325.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28114325.

Valorization of Peanut Skin as Agricultural Waste Using Various Extraction Methods: A Review

Nicky Rahmana Putra  1 , Dwila Nur Rizkiyah  1 , Mohd Azizi Che Yunus  1 , Ahmad Hazim Abdul Aziz  2 , Ahmad Shah Hizam Md Yasir  3 , Irianto Irianto  3 , Jumakir Jumakir  4 , Waluyo Waluyo  4 , Suparwoto Suparwoto  4 , Lailatul Qomariyah  5
Affiliations
Review

Valorization of Peanut Skin as Agricultural Waste Using Various Extraction Methods: A Review

Nicky Rahmana Putra et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Peanuts (Arachis hypogea) can be made into various products, from oil to butter to roasted snack peanuts and candies, all from the kernels. However, the skin is usually thrown away, used as cheap animal feed, or as one of the ingredients in plant fertilizer due to its little value on the market. For the past ten years, studies have been conducted to determine the full extent of the skin's bioactive substance repertoire and its powerful antioxidant potential. Alternatively, researchers reported that peanut skin could be used and be profitable in a less-intensive extraction technique. Therefore, this review explores the conventional and green extraction of peanut oil, peanut production, peanut physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity, and the prospects of valorization of peanut skin. The significance of the valorization of peanut skin is that it contains high antioxidant capacity, catechin, epicatechin resveratrol, and procyanidins, which are also advantageous. It could be exploited in sustainable extraction, notably in the pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords: agricultural waste; antioxidant; catechin; green extraction; peanut skin.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Harvest area and (b) production of peanuts in Asia, Americas, and Africa [1].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Peanut skin.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Diastereoisomers of catechin (a) (+)-catechin, (b) (−)-catechin, (c) (+)-epicatechin, and (d) (−)-epicatechin.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Structure of resveratrol.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Structure of procyanidins.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Scheme of antioxidants.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. FAO . Production of Peanut. FAO; Rome, Italy: 2022.
    1. Putra N.R., Rizkiyah D.N., Qomariyah L., Aziz A.H.A., Veza I., Yunus M.A.C. Experimental and modeling for catechin and epicatechin recovery from peanut skin using subcritical ethanol. J. Food Process. Eng. 2023;46:e14275. doi: 10.1111/jfpe.14275. - DOI
    1. Putra N.R., Aziz A.H.A., Yian L.N., Ramli W.D., Yunus M.A.C. Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide and co-solvent ethanol extraction of wasted peanut skin using response surface methodology. MATEC Web Conf. 2018;156:2005. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201815602005. - DOI
    1. Putra N.R., Rizkiyah D.N., Abdul Aziz A.H., Machmudah S., Jumakir J., Waluyo W., Che Yunus M.A. Procyanidin and proanthocyanidin extraction from Arachis hypogaea skins by using supercritical carbon dioxide: Optimization and modeling. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2021;45:e15689. doi: 10.1111/jfpp.15689. - DOI
    1. Pisoschi A.M., Pop A., Iordache F., Stanca L., Predoi G., Serban A.I. Oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants-an overview on their chemistry and influences on health status. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2021;209:112891. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112891. - DOI - PubMed