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Review
. 2023 Jun 5:15:175-185.
doi: 10.2147/RRU.S381190. eCollection 2023.

Cystine Stones: Developments in Minimally Invasive Surgery and Their Impact on Morbidity and Stone Clearance

Thomas Hughes  1 , Lazaros Tzelves  2 , Bhaskar K Somani  3
Affiliations
Review

Cystine Stones: Developments in Minimally Invasive Surgery and Their Impact on Morbidity and Stone Clearance

Thomas Hughes et al. Res Rep Urol. .

Abstract

Cystinuria is a rare genetic condition that is responsible for cystine stones. Besides stone recurrence, patients with cystine stones have reduced health-related quality of life, increased rates of chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Although lifestyle measures, medical therapy and close follow up are essential to reduce and monitor cystine stone recurrences, surgical intervention is frequently needed for most cystinuria patients. Shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and active surveillance all have a role, and technological advances in endourology are vital in achieving a stone-free status and to prevent recurrences. The complexity of managing cystine stones necessitates a multidisciplinary team discussion, patient involvement and an individualised approach in a specialist centre for optimum management. Thulium fibre laser and virtual reality may have an increasing role in the future of cystine stone management.

Keywords: cystine; kidney calculi; laser; percutaneous nephrolithotomy; recurrence; ureteroscopy.

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Conflict of interest statement

Lazaros Tzelves is a Research Associate of the European Association of Urology Guidelines Panel for Urolithiasis and Bladder Stones. Bhaskar Somani is a Member of the European Association of Urology Guidelines Urolithiasis Panel. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Summary of management in patients with kidney stones.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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