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. 2023 Jun 14;6(6):CD006275.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006275.pub4.

Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain

Rebecca R Pillai Riddell  1 , Oana Bucsea  1 , Ilana Shiff  1 , Cheryl Chow  1 , Hannah G Gennis  1 , Shaylea Badovinac  1 , Miranda DiLorenzo-Klas  1 , Nicole M Racine  2 , Sara Ahola Kohut  3 , Diana Lisi  4 , Kara Turcotte  4 , Bonnie Stevens  5 , Lindsay S Uman  6
Affiliations

Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain

Rebecca R Pillai Riddell et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Despite evidence of the long-term implications of unrelieved pain during infancy, it is evident that infant pain is still under-managed and unmanaged. Inadequately managed pain in infancy, a period of exponential development, can have implications across the lifespan. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic review of pain management strategies is integral to appropriate infant pain management. This is an update of a previously published review update in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2015, Issue 12) of the same title.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy and adverse events of non-pharmacological interventions for infant and child (aged up to three years) acute pain, excluding kangaroo care, sucrose, breastfeeding/breast milk, and music.

Search methods: For this update, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE-Ovid platform, EMBASE-OVID platform, PsycINFO-OVID platform, CINAHL-EBSCO platform and trial registration websites (ClinicalTrials.gov; International Clinical Trials Registry Platform) (March 2015 to October 2020). An update search was completed in July 2022, but studies identified at this point were added to 'Awaiting classification' for a future update. We also searched reference lists and contacted researchers via electronic list-serves. We incorporated 76 new studies into the review. SELECTION CRITERIA: Participants included infants from birth to three years in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cross-over RCTs that had a no-treatment control comparison. Studies were eligible for inclusion in the analysis if they compared a non-pharmacological pain management strategy to a no-treatment control group (15 different strategies). In addition, we also analysed studies when the unique effect of adding a non-pharmacological pain management strategy onto another pain management strategy could be assessed (i.e. additive effects on a sweet solution, non-nutritive sucking, or swaddling) (three strategies). The eligible control groups for these additive studies were sweet solution only, non-nutritive sucking only, or swaddling only, respectively. Finally, we qualitatively described six interventions that met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in the review, but not in the analysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The outcomes assessed in the review were pain response (reactivity and regulation) and adverse events. The level of certainty in the evidence and risk of bias were based on the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the GRADE approach. We analysed the standardised mean difference (SMD) using the generic inverse variance method to determine effect sizes. MAIN RESULTS: We included total of 138 studies (11,058 participants), which includes an additional 76 new studies for this update. Of these 138 studies, we analysed 115 (9048 participants) and described 23 (2010 participants) qualitatively. We described qualitatively studies that could not be meta-analysed due to being the only studies in their category or statistical reporting issues. We report the results of the 138 included studies here. An SMD effect size of 0.2 represents a small effect, 0.5 a moderate effect, and 0.8 a large effect. The thresholds for the I2 interpretation were established as follows: not important (0% to 40%); moderate heterogeneity (30% to 60%); substantial heterogeneity (50% to 90%); considerable heterogeneity (75% to 100%). The most commonly studied acute procedures were heel sticks (63 studies) and needlestick procedures for the purposes of vaccines/vitamins (35 studies). We judged most studies to have high risk of bias (103 out of 138), with the most common methodological concerns relating to blinding of personnel and outcome assessors. Pain responses were examined during two separate pain phases: pain reactivity (within the first 30 seconds after the acutely painful stimulus) and immediate pain regulation (after the first 30 seconds following the acutely painful stimulus). We report below the strategies with the strongest evidence base for each age group. In preterm born neonates, non-nutritive sucking may reduce pain reactivity (SMD -0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.03 to -0.11, moderate effect; I2 = 93%, considerable heterogeneity) and improve immediate pain regulation (SMD -0.61, 95% CI -0.95 to -0.27, moderate effect; I2 = 81%, considerable heterogeneity), based on very low-certainty evidence. Facilitated tucking may also reduce pain reactivity (SMD -1.01, 95% CI -1.44 to -0.58, large effect; I2 = 93%, considerable heterogeneity) and improve immediate pain regulation (SMD -0.59, 95% CI -0.92 to -0.26, moderate effect; I2 = 87%, considerable heterogeneity); however, this is also based on very low-certainty evidence. While swaddling likely does not reduce pain reactivity in preterm neonates (SMD -0.60, 95% CI -1.23 to 0.04, no effect; I2 = 91%, considerable heterogeneity), it has been shown to possibly improve immediate pain regulation (SMD -1.21, 95% CI -2.05 to -0.38, large effect; I2 = 89%, considerable heterogeneity), based on very low-certainty evidence. In full-term born neonates, non-nutritive sucking may reduce pain reactivity (SMD -1.13, 95% CI -1.57 to -0.68, large effect; I2 = 82%, considerable heterogeneity) and improve immediate pain regulation (SMD -1.49, 95% CI -2.20 to -0.78, large effect; I2 = 92%, considerable heterogeneity), based on very low-certainty evidence. In full-term born older infants, structured parent involvement was the intervention most studied. Results showed that this intervention has little to no effect in reducing pain reactivity (SMD -0.18, 95% CI -0.40 to 0.03, no effect; I2 = 46%, moderate heterogeneity) or improving immediate pain regulation (SMD -0.09, 95% CI -0.40 to 0.21, no effect; I2 = 74%, substantial heterogeneity), based on low- to moderate-certainty evidence. Of these five interventions most studied, only two studies observed adverse events, specifically vomiting (one preterm neonate) and desaturation (one full-term neonate hospitalised in the NICU) following the non-nutritive sucking intervention. The presence of considerable heterogeneity limited our confidence in the findings for certain analyses, as did the preponderance of evidence of very low to low certainty based on GRADE judgements.

Authors' conclusions: Overall, non-nutritive sucking, facilitated tucking, and swaddling may reduce pain behaviours in preterm born neonates. Non-nutritive sucking may also reduce pain behaviours in full-term neonates. No interventions based on a substantial body of evidence showed promise in reducing pain behaviours in older infants. Most analyses were based on very low- or low-certainty grades of evidence and none were based on high-certainty evidence. Therefore, the lack of confidence in the evidence would require further research before we could draw a definitive conclusion.

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Conflict of interest statement

Dr Rebecca Pillai Riddell CPsych: RPR is a professor and clinical psychologist that specialises in pain and mental health. RPR is a co‐author on six included studies (Hillgrove Stuart 2013; Hogan 2014; Pillai Riddell 2018; Taddio 2015; Taddio 2017; Taddio 2017a).

Oana Bucsea, BSc, MA: No conflicts to declare.

Ilana Shiff, EdM, MA: No conflicts to declare.

Dr Cheryl Chow, BSc, MSc, PhD: No conflicts to declare. CC is a Postdoctoral Fellow and her research focuses on elucidating the aetiology, consequences, and development of paediatric anxiety and pain within the medical context.

Dr Hannah Gennis, PhD, C Psych (Supervised Practice): No conflicts to declare.

Shaylea Badovinac, MA: No conflicts to declare.

Miranda DiLorenzo, MA: No conflicts to declare.

Dr Nicole Racine, PhD: No conflicts to declare. NR is an Assistant Professor and Child Psychologist who manages patients with child mental health difficulties including anxiety, depression, and behavioural difficulties.

Dr Sara Ahola Kohut, CPsych: No conflicts to declare. SAK is a Clinical and Health Psychologist and manages patients with chronic disease, with a focus on gastrointestinal disorders.

Dr Diana Lisi, PhD: No conflicts to declare. DL is a Clinical Psychologist (Supervised Practice) working in private practice with clients presenting with a variety of mood and anxiety‐related presentations.

Kara Turcotte, MA: No conflicts to declare.

Dr Bonnie Stevens, RN, PhD: BS receives annual royalties for the Oxford Textbook of Pediatric Pain. BS is a co‐author on three included studies (Ipp 2004; Johnston 1997; Stevens 1999).

Dr Lindsay Uman, RPsych: No conflict to declare. LU is a Clinical Psychologist working with youth and families, and treats patients with a variety of mental and physical health issues.

Where review authors were also an author on an included study, they were not involved in the data extraction process.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Non‐nutritive sucking X preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Non‐nutritive sucking X preterm neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Non‐nutritive sucking X full‐term neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Non‐nutritive sucking X full‐term neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Swallowing water X preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Rocking/holding X full‐term neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Rocking/holding X full‐term neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Swaddling X preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Swaddling X preterm neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Swaddling X full‐term neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Facilitated tucking X preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Facilitated tucking X preterm neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Touch/massage related X preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Touch/massage related X preterm neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Touch/massage related X full‐term neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Touch/massage related X full‐term neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Touch/massage related X older infant, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Touch/massage related X older infant, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: Toy distraction x older infant, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: Toy distraction x older infant, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: Structured parent involvement X older infant, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: Structured parent involvement X older infant, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: Sound reduction X preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14: Sound addition X preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14: Sound addition X preterm neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15: Smell addition X preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15: Smell addition X preterm neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16: Smell addition X full‐term neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16: Smell addition X full‐term neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17: Light reduction x preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17: Light reduction x preterm neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18: Heat addition X full‐term neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19: Cold addition X full‐term neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20: Multisensory bundle X preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20: Multisensory bundle X preterm neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21: Multisensory bundle X full‐term neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22: Additive non‐pharmacological intervention on sweet solution X preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
22.2
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22: Additive non‐pharmacological intervention on sweet solution X preterm neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23: Additive non‐pharmacological intervention on sweet solution X full‐term neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
23.2
23.2. Analysis
Comparison 23: Additive non‐pharmacological intervention on sweet solution X full‐term neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
24.1
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24: Additive non‐pharmacological intervention on sweet solution X older infant, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
25.1
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25: Additive non‐pharmacological intervention on non‐nutritive sucking X preterm neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
25.2
25.2. Analysis
Comparison 25: Additive non‐pharmacological intervention on non‐nutritive sucking X preterm neonate, Outcome 2: Immediate pain regulation
26.1
26.1. Analysis
Comparison 26: Additive non‐pharmacological intervention on swaddling X full‐term neonate, Outcome 1: Pain reactivity
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Elserafy 2009 {published data only}
    1. Elserafy FA, Alsaedi SA, Louwrens J, Bin Sadiq B, Mersal AY. Oral sucrose and a pacifier for pain relief during simple procedures in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Saudi Medicine 2009;29(3):184-8. - PMC - PubMed
Erdogan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Erdogan C, Turan T, Pınar B. The effect of maternal voice for procedural pain in paediatric intensive care unit: a randomised controlled trial. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing 2020;56:102767. - PubMed
Erkut 2017 {published data only}
    1. Erkut Z, Yildiz S. The effect of swaddling on pain, vital signs, and crying duration during heel lance in newborns. Pain Management Nursing 2017;18(5):328-36. - PubMed
Esfahani 2013 {published data only}
    1. Esfahani MS, Sheykhi S, Abdeyazdan Z, Jodakee M, Boroumandfar K. A comparative study on vaccination pain in the methods of massage therapy and mothers’ breast feeding during injection of infants referring to Navabsafavi Health Care Center in Isfahan. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 2013;18(6):494-8. - PMC - PubMed
Fatollahzade 2020 {published data only}
    1. Fatollahzade M, Parvizy S, Kashaki M, Haghani H, Alinejad-Naeini M. The effect of gentle human touch during endotracheal suctioning on procedural pain response in preterm infant admitted to neonatal intensive care units: a randomized controlled crossover study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2020;0:1-7. - PubMed
Fearon 1997 {published data only}
    1. Fearon I, Kisilevsky BS, Hains SMJ, Muir DW, Tranmer J. Swaddling after heel lance: age-specific effects on behavioral recovery in preterm infants. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 1997;18(4):222-32. - PubMed
Fitri 2020 {published data only}
    1. Fitri SYR, Lusmilasari L, Juffrie M, Bellieni CV. Modified sensory stimulation using breastmilk for reducing pain intensity in neonates in Indonesia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2020;53:e199-203. - PubMed
Gao 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gao H, Li M, Gao H, Xu G, Li F, Zhou J, et al. Effect of non-nutritive sucking and sucrose alone and in combination for repeated procedural pain in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2018;83:25-33. - PubMed
Göl 2017 {published data only}
    1. Göl İ, Altuğ Özsoy S. Effects of rapid vaccine injection without aspiration and applying manual pressure before vaccination on pain and crying time in infants. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing 2017;14(2):154-62. - PubMed
Gormally 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gormally S, Barr RG, Wertheim L, Alkawaf R, Calinoiu N, Young SN. Contact and nutrient caregiving effects on newborn infant pain responses. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2001;43(1):28-38. - PubMed
Gray 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gray L, Garza E, Zageris D, Heilman KJ, Porges SW. Sucrose and warmth for analgesia in healthy newborns: an RCT. Pediatrics 2015;135(3):e607-14. - PMC - PubMed
Greenberg 2002 {published data only}
    1. Greenberg CS. A sugar-coated pacifier reduces procedural pain in newborns. Pediatric Nursing 2002;28(3):271-7. - PubMed
Harrington 2012 {published data only}
    1. Harrington JW, Logan S, Harwell C, Gardner J, Swingle J, McGuire E, et al. Effective analgesia using physical interventions for infant immunizations. Pediatrics 2012;129(5):815-22. - PubMed
Hashemi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hashemi F, Taheri L, Ghodsbin F, Pishva N, Vossoughi M. Comparing the effect of swaddling and breastfeeding and their combined effect on the pain induced by BCG vaccination in infants referring to Motahari Hospital, Jahrom, 2010-2011. Applied Nursing Research 2016;29(1):217-21. - PubMed
Herrington 2007 {unpublished data only}
    1. Herrington CJ. Reducing pain of heelstick in premature infants with gentle human touch. Wayne State University Doctoral Dissertation.
Herrington 2014 {published data only}
    1. Herrington CJ, Chiodo LM. Human touch effectively and safely reduces pain in the newborn intensive care unit. Pain Management Nursing 2014;15(1):107-15. - PubMed
Hill 2005 {published data only}
    1. Hill S, Engle S, Jorgensen J, Kralik A, Whitman K. Effects of facilitated tucking during routine care of infants born preterm. Pediatric Physical Therapy 2005;17(2):158-63. - PubMed
Hillgrove Stuart 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hillgrove-Stuart J, Pillai Riddell R, Horton R, Greenberg S. Toy-mediated distraction: clarifying the role of the agent of distraction and pre-needle distress. Pain Research and Management 2013;18(4):197-202. - PMC - PubMed
Ho 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ho LP, Ho SS, Leung DY, So WK, Chan CW. A feasibility and efficacy randomised controlled trial of swaddling for controlling procedural pain in preterm infants. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2016;25(3-4):472-82. - PubMed
Hogan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hogan ME, Probst J, Wong K, Pillai Riddell R, Katz J, Taddio A. A randomized-controlled trial of parent-led tactile stimulation to reduce pain during infant immunization injections. Clinical Journal of Pain 2014;30(3):259-65. - PubMed
Im 2008 {published data only}
    1. Im H, Kim E, Park E, Sung K, Oh W. Pain reduction of heel stick in neonates: Yakson compared to non-nutritive sucking. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2008;54(1):31-5. - PubMed
Ipp 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ipp M, Taddio A, Goldbach M, Ben David S, Stevens B, Koren G. Effects of age, gender and holding on pain response during infant immunization. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2004;11(1):e2-7. - PubMed
Jain 2006 {published data only}
    1. Jain S, Kumar P, McMillan DD. Prior leg massage decreases pain responses to heel stick in preterm babies. Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health 2006;42(9):505-8. - PubMed
Jebreili 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jebreili M, Neshat H, Seyyedrasouli A, Ghojazade M, Hosseini MB, Hamishehkar H. Comparison of breastmilk odor and vanilla odor on mitigating premature infants' response to pain during and after venipuncture. Breastfeeding Medicine 2015;10(7):362-5. - PubMed
Johnston 1997 {published data only}
    1. Johnston CC, Stremler RL, Stevens BJ, Horton LJ. Effectiveness of oral sucrose and simulated rocking on pain response in preterm neonates. Pain 1997;72(1-2):193-9. - PubMed
Johnston 2007a {published data only}
    1. Johnston CC, Filion F, Nuyt AM. Recorded maternal voice for preterm neonates undergoing heel lance. Advances in Neonatal Care 2007;7(5):258-66. - PubMed
Johnston 2013 {published data only}
    1. Johnston C, Campbell-Yeo M, Rich B, Whitley J, Filion F, Cogan J, et al. Therapeutic touch is not therapeutic for procedural pain in very preterm neonates. Clinical Journal of Pain 2013;29(9):824-9. - PubMed
Jose 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jose RM, Soluchana B, Shetty S. Effectiveness of skin tap technique in reducing pain response. International Journal of Nursing Education 2012;4(1):56-7.
Kahraman 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kahraman A, Gümüs M, Akar M, Sipahi M, Yılmaz HB, Basßbakkal Z. The effects of auditory interventions on pain and comfort in premature newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit; a randomised controlled trial. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing 2020;61:102904. - PubMed
KarabiyikOgurlu 2020 {published data only}
    1. KarabıyıkOğurlu O, TuralBüyük E, Yildizlar O. The effect of warm compression applied before heel lance on pain level, comfort level and procedure time in healthy term newborns: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Midwifery & Reproductive Health 2020;8(3):2276-83.
Karaca 2016 {published data only}
    1. Karaca Ciftci E, Ozdemir FK, Aydın D. Effect of flick application on pain level and duration of crying during infant vaccination. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2016;42:1-6. - PMC - PubMed
Khasanah 2019 {published data only}
    1. Khasanah NN, Astuti DD. A randomized controlled trial: the efficacy of mother's involvement to serve comfort on infants during the intramuscular immunization procedure. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2019;22(11):S351B.
Khosravan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Khosravan S, Atayee P, Shahri SB, Mojtabavi SJ. Effect of Hugo’s point massage with and without ice on vaccination-related pain in infants. Journal of School of Nursing and Midwifery 2018;24(1):7-19.
Koç 2015 {published data only}
    1. Koç T, Gözen D. The effect of foot reflexology on acute pain in infants: a randomized controlled trial. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing 2015;12(5):289-96. - PubMed
Kozub 2001 {unpublished data only}
    1. Kozub ML. The Effect of Therapeutic Touch on Pain Response in Infants Receiving Injections [Thesis]. Ohio: Medical College of Ohio, 2001.
Kristoffersen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kristoffersen L, Skogvoll E, Hafstrom M. Pain reduction in insertion of a feeding tube in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2011;127(6):1449-54. - PubMed
Kucukoglu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kucukoglu S, Kurt S, Aytekin A. The effect of the facilitated tucking position in reducing vaccination-induced pain in newborns. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2015;41(1):1-7. - PMC - PubMed
Leng 2016 {published data only}
    1. Leng HY, Zheng XL, Zhang XH, He HY, Tu GF, Fu Q, et al. Combined non-pharmacological interventions for newborn pain relief in two degrees of pain procedures: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Pain 2016;20(6):989-97. - PubMed
Liaw 2010 {published data only}
    1. Liaw J, Yang L, Ti Y, Blackburn ST, Chang Y, Sun L. Non-nutritive sucking relieves pain for preterm infants during heel stick procedures in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010;19:2741-51. - PubMed
Liaw 2011 {published data only}
    1. Liaw JJ, Zeng WP, Yang L, Yuh YS, Yin T, Yang MH. Nonnutritive sucking and oral sucrose relieve neonatal pain during intramuscular injection of hepatitis vaccine. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2011;42(6):918-29. - PubMed
Liaw 2012 {published data only}
    1. Liaw JJ, Yang L, Wang KW, Chen CM, Chang YC, Yin T. Non-nutritive sucking and facilitated tucking relieve preterm infant pain during heel-stick procedures: a prospective, randomised controlled crossover trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2012;49:300-9. - PubMed
Liaw 2013 {published data only}
    1. Liaw JJ, Yang L, Lee CM, Fan HC, Chang YC, Cheng, LP. Effects of combined use of non-nutritive sucking, oral sucrose, and facilitated tucking on infant behavioural states across heel-stick procedures: a prospective, randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2013;50:883-94. - PubMed
Liu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Liu M, Lin K, Chou Y, Lee T. Using non-nutritive sucking and oral glucose solution with neonates to relieve pain: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010;19:1604-11. - PubMed
Lopez 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lopez O, Subramanian P, Rahmat N, Theam LC, Chinna K, Rosli R. The effect of facilitated tucking on procedural pain control among premature babies. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2015;24(1-2):183-91. - PubMed
Malakian 2017 {published data only}
    1. Malakian A, Dehdashtiyan M, Aramesh MR, Hassan SM, Aletayeb FG. Assessment of cooling effect on neonatal pain during heel prick blood sampling: a randomized clinical trial. Biomedical Research 2017;28:6880-3.
McGinnis 2016 {published data only}
    1. McGinnis K, Murray E, Cherven B, McCracken C, Travers C. Effect of vibration on pain response to heel lance: a pilot randomized control trial. Advances in Neonatal Care 2016;16(6):439-48. - PubMed
Mir 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mir M, Vashani HB, Sadeghi T, Boskabadi H, Khorshahi A. Effects of Yakson therapeutic touch and heel warming on pain caused by heel stick procedure, vital signs, and cry duration in full-term neonates. Evidence Based Care Journal 2018;8(2):49-57.
Mirzarahimi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Mirzarahimi M, Mehrnoush N, Shahizadeh S, Samadi N, Amani F. Effect of non-nutritive sucking and leg massage on physiological and behavioural indicators of pain following heel blood sampling in term neonates. International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies 2013;2(2):74-9.
Mitchell 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mitchell AJ, Hall RW, Golianu B, Yates C, Williams DK, Chang J, et al. Does noninvasive electrical stimulation of acupuncture points reduce heelstick pain in neonates? Acta Paediatrica 2016;105(12):1434-9. - PMC - PubMed
Morrow 2010 {published data only}
    1. Morrow C, Hidinger A, Wilkinson-Faulk D. Reducing neonatal pain during routine heel lance procedures. American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 2010;35(6):346-54. - PubMed
Najafi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Najafi H, Boskabadi H, Salari M, Karbandi S. Comparing the effect of cooling gel pad and non-nutritive sucking on pain during hepatitis vaccination in newborn infants: a randomized controlled clinical trial (Persian) [مقایسه تأثيرسرمای موضعی و مکيدن غير مغذی بردردناشیدرنوزاد: کارآزمایی بالينی" ب ازتزریقواکسن هپاتيت"تصادفی کنترل شده]. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2019;29(172):22-33. [URL: http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-11901-en.html]
Ozkan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Özkan TK, Küçükkelepçe DS, Özkan SA. The effects of acupressure and foot massage on pain during heel lancing in neonates: a randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2019;46:103-8. - PubMed
Peng 2018 {published data only}
    1. Peng HF, Yin T, Yang L, Wang C, Chang YC, Jeng MJ, et al. Non-nutritive sucking, oral breast milk, and facilitated tucking relieve preterm infant pain during heel-stick procedures: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2018;77:162-70. - PubMed
Perroteau 2018 {published data only}
    1. Perroteau A, Nanquette MC, Rousseau A, Renolleau S, Bérard L, Mitanchez D, et al. Efficacy of facilitated tucking combined with non-nutritive sucking on very preterm infants' pain during the heel-stick procedure: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2018;86:29-35. - PubMed
Petrillo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Petrillo B. Useless pain: a study on the effectiveness of sensorial saturation on heel puncture pain in neonates. Children's Nurses: Italian Journal of Pediatric Nursing Science 2010;2(3):98‐100.
Pillai Riddell 2018 {published data only}
    1. Pillai Riddell R, O'Neill MC, Campbell L, Taddio A, Greenberg S, Garfield H. The ABCDs of pain management: a double-blind randomized controlled trial examining the impact of a brief educational video on infants' and toddlers' pain scores and parent soothing behavior. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2018;43(3):224-33. - PubMed
Ranjbar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ranjbar A, Bernstein C, Shariat M, Ranjbar H. Comparison of facilitated tucking and oral dextrose in reducing the pain of heel stick in preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Pediatrics 2020;20(1):162. - PMC - PubMed
Razaghi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Razaghi N, Aemmi SZ, Hoseini ASS, Boskabadi H, Mohebbi T, Ramezani M. The effectiveness of familiar olfactory stimulation with lavender scent and glucose on the pain of blood sampling in term neonates: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2020;49:102289. - PubMed
Ren 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ren X-F, Wang ZZ, Yang M, Li L, Kong XY, Feng ZC. Clinical effect of white noise combined with glucose in reducing the pain of retinopathy screening in preterm infants. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 2019;21(12):1159‐63. - PMC - PubMed
Roshanray 2020 {published data only}
    1. Roshanray A, Rayyani M, Dehghan M, Faghih A. Comparative effect of mother’s hug and massage on neonatal pain behaviors caused by blood sampling: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2020;66:479-86. - PubMed
Sadathosseini 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sadathosseini AS, Negarandeb R, Movahedi Z. The effect of a familiar scent on the behavioural and physiological pain responses in neonates. Pain Management Nursing 2013;14(4):e196-203. - PubMed
Secil 2014 {published data only}
    1. Secil A, Fatih C, Gokhan A, Alpaslan GF, Gonul SR. Efficacy of vibration on venipuncture pain scores in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatric Emergency Care 2014;30(10):686-8. - PubMed
Shaw 1982 {published data only}
    1. Shaw EG, Routh DK. Effect of mother presence on children's reaction to aversive procedures. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1982;7(1):33-42. - PubMed
Shu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Shu SH, Lee YL, Hayter M, Wang RH. Efficacy of swaddling and heel warming on pain response to heel stick in neonates: a randomised control trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2014;23(21-2):3107-14. - PubMed
Sizun 2002 {published data only}
    1. Sizun J, Ansquer H, Browne J, Tordjman S, Morin JF. Developmental care decreases physiologic and behavioral pain expression in preterm neonates. Journal of Pain 2002;3(6):446-50. - PubMed
Stevens 1999 {published data only}
    1. Stevens B, Johnston C, Franck L, Petryshen P, Jack A, Foster G. The efficacy of developmentally sensitive interventions and sucrose for relieving procedural pain in very low birth weight neonates. Nursing Research 1999;48(1):35-43. - PubMed
Sundaram 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sundaram B, Shrivastava S, Pandian JP, Singh VP. Facilitated tucking on pain in pre-term newborns during neonatal intensive care: a single blinded randomized controlled cross-over pilot trial. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine 2013;6(1):19-27. - PubMed
Taddio 2014 {published data only}
    1. Taddio A, Ho T, Vyas C, Thivakaran S, Jamal A, Ilersich AF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of clinician-led tactile stimulation to reduce pain during vaccination in infants. Clinical Pediatrics 2014;53(7):639-44. - PubMed
Taddio 2015 {published data only}
    1. Taddio A, Parikh C, Yoon EW, Sgro M, Singh H, Habtom E, et al. Impact of parent-directed education on parental use of pain treatments during routine infant vaccination: a cluster randomized trial. Pain 2015;156(1):185-91. - PubMed
Taddio 2017 {published data only}
    1. Taddio A, Pillai Riddell R, Ipp M, Moss S, Baker S, Tolkin J, et al. Relative effectiveness of additive pain interventions during vaccination in infants. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2017;189(6):E227-34. - PMC - PubMed
Taddio 2017a {published data only}
    1. Taddio A, Pillai Riddell R, Ipp M, Moss S, Baker S, Tolkin J, et al. A longitudinal randomized trial of the effect of consistent pain management for infant vaccinations on future vaccination distress. Journal of Pain 2017;18(9):1060-6. - PubMed
Taplak 2020 {published data only}
    1. Taplak AS, Bayat M. Comparison the effect of breast milk smell, white noise and facilitated tucking applied to Turkish preterm infants during endotracheal suctioning on pain and physiological parameters. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2020;56:e19–26. - PubMed
Thakkar 2016 {published data only}
    1. Thakkar P, Arora K, Goyal K, Das R. To evaluate and compare the efficacy of combined sucrose and non-nutritive sucking for analgesia in newborns undergoing minor painful procedure: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Perinatology 2016;36(1):67-70. - PubMed
Ti 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yin T, Yang L, Lee T-Y, Li C-C, Hua Y-M, Liaw J-J. Development of atraumatic heel-stick procedures by combined treatment with non-nutritive sucking, oral sucrose, and facilitated tucking: a randomised, controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2015;52(8):1288-99. - PubMed
Vu‐Ngoc 2020 {published data only}
    1. Vu-Ngoc H, Uyen NC, Thinh OP, Don LD, Danh NV, Truc NT, et al. Analgesic effect of non-nutritive sucking in term neonates: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics & Neonatology 2020;61(1):106-13. - PubMed
Ward‐Larson 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ward-Larson C, Horn RA, Gosnell F. The efficacy of facilitated tucking for relieving procedural pain of endotracheal suctioning in very low birthweight infants. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing 2004;29(3):151-6. - PubMed
Whipple 2004 {published data only}
    1. Whipple J. The Effect of Music-Reinforced Nonnutritive Sucking on State of Preterm, Low Birthweight Infants Experiencing Heelstick. Florida: The Florida State University, 2004. - PubMed
Yilmaz 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yilmaz F, Arikan D. The effects of various interventions to newborns on pain and duration of crying. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010;20:1008-17. - PubMed
Yilmaz 2020 {published data only}
    1. Yilmaz D, Inal S. Effects of three different methods used during heel lance procedures on pain level in term neonates. Japan Journal of Nursing Science 2020;17(4):e12338. - PubMed
Yu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Yu LC, Tse MY, Lai CK. Effect of gentle manual pressure on neonatal pain during heel prick: a randomised crossover trial. British Journal of Midwifery 2017;25(5):309-14.

References to studies excluded from this review

Abbasoglu 2015a {published data only}
    1. Abbasoglu A, Cabioglu MT, Tugcu AU, Yapakci E, Tekindal MA, Tarcan A. Laser acupuncture before heel lancing for pain management in healthy term newborns: a randomised controlled trial. Acupuncture in Medicine 2015;33(6):445-50. - PubMed
Abdallah 2013 {published data only}
    1. Abdallah B, Badr LK, Hawwari, M. The efficacy of massage on short and long term outcomes in preterm infants. Infant Behavior and Development 2013;36:662-9. - PubMed
Abedin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Abedin S, Kapoor G. Peripherally inserted central venous catheters are a good option for prolonged venous access in children with cancer. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2008;51:251-5. - PubMed
Aguirre 2008 {published data only}
    1. Unceta-Barrenechea AA, Iturriaga GS, Sainz de Rozas Aparicio I, Fernandez DR. Analgesia when taking heel-lance blood in the newborn. Anales de Pediatria 2008;69(6):544-7. - PubMed
Akcan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Akcan E, Yigit R, Atici A. The effect of kangaroo care on pain in premature infants during invasive procedures. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 2009;51:14-8. - PubMed
Al‐Bekaa 2003 {published data only}
    1. Al-Bekaa S. Harmonic scalpel tonsillectomy vs diathermy tonsillectomy: a comparative study. Australian Journal of Otolaryngology 2003;6(2):78-80.
Alidadian 2021 {published data only}
    1. Alidadian S, Naderifar M, Abbasi A, Navidian A, Mahmoodi N. Comparison of the effect of lullaby and kangaroo care on physiological criteria during heel lance in preterm neonates at the neonatal intensive care unit. Iranian Journal of Neonatology 2021;12(4):40-7.
Alix‐Seguin 2017 {published data only}
    1. Alix-Seguin L, Desjardins MP, Gaucher N, Lebel D, Gravel J, Gouin S. Effect on pain of an oral sucrose solution versus placebo in children 1 to 3 months old needing nasopharyngeal aspiration; a randomized controlled trial. Paediatrics and Child Health 2017;22(S1):e11.
Altuntas 2022 {published data only}
    1. Altuntas N, Altuntas S, Nar D, Simsek M, Unsal A, Gungor AA. Does interval between breastfeedıng and heel lance affect the perception of pain in newborns? Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons 2022;32(1):46-50. - PubMed
Angeles 2015 {published data only}
    1. Angeles DM, Asmerom Y, Boskovic DS, Slater L, Bacot-Carter S, Bahjri K, et al. Oral sucrose for heel lance enhances adenosine triphosphate use in preterm neonates with respiratory distress. SAGE Open Medicine 2015;3:2050312115611431. - PMC - PubMed
Ashok 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ashok V, Bala I, Bharti N, Jain D, Samujh R. Effects of intraoperative liberal fluid therapy on postoperative nausea and vomiting in children-a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Anesthesia 2017;27(8):810-5. - PubMed
Aslan 2022 {published data only}
    1. Aslan H, Erci B. The effect of playing games with toys made with medical materials in children with cancer on pain during intravenous treatment. Palliative & Supportive Care 2022;20(1):84-93. - PubMed
Aslanabadi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Aslanabadi S, Ghalehgolab-Behbahan A, Zarrintan S, Jamshidi M, Seyyedhejazi M. Transanal one-stage endorectal pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease: a comparison with the staged procedures. Pediatric Surgery International 2008;24:925-9. - PubMed
Atchariya 2017 {published data only}
    1. Atchariya W, Sureeporn T, Branom R. Effects of cold alcohol compression on pain of preschoolers receiving intravenous fluid infusion. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017;10(5):1169-73.
Axelin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Axelin A, Lehtonen L, Pelander T, Slantera S. Mothers' different styles of involvement in preterm infant pain care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 2010;39:415-24. - PubMed
Azarmnejad 2018 {published data only}
    1. Azarmnejad E, Sarhangi F, Javadi M, Rejeh N, Amirsalari S, Tadrisi SD. The effectiveness of familiar auditory stimulus on hospitalized neonates' physiologic responses to procedural pain. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2018;28(1):103-10. - PubMed
Badiee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Badiee Z, Asghari M, Mohammadizadeh M. The calming effect of maternal breast milk odor on premature infants. Pediatrics and Neonatology 2013;54(5):322-5. - PubMed
Bagherian 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bagherian A, Sheikhfathollahi M. Children's behavioral pain reactions during local anesthetic injection using cotton-roll vibration method compared with routine topical anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Dental Research Journal 2016;13(3):272-7. - PMC - PubMed
Bailey 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bailey KM, Bird SJ, McGrath PJ, Chorney JE. Preparing parents to be present for their child's anesthesia induction: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2015;121(4):1001-10. - PubMed
Banga 2016 {published data only}
    1. Banga S, Datta V, Rehan HS, Bhakhri BK. Effect of sucrose analgesia, for repeated painful procedures, on short-term neurobehavioral outcome of preterm neonates: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2016;62(2):101-6. - PMC - PubMed
Barandouzi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Barandouzi ZA, Keshavarz M, Montazeri A, Ashayeri H, Rajaei Z. Comparison of the analgesic effect of oral sucrose and/or music in preterm neonates: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2020;48:102271. - PubMed
Bay 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bay C, Henriquez R, Villaroel L, Gana JC. Effect of music in pediatric endoscopic examinations: a randomized prospective controlled trial. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2020;91(6):AB52. - PMC - PubMed
Beheshtipoor 2017 {published data only}
    1. Beheshtipoor N, Bayani F, Edraki M, Porarian S, Salehi A. Effect of spike lavender lakhlakhe on pain intensity due to phlebotomy procedure in premature infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Neonatology 2017;8(2):18-23.
Bekar 2022 {published data only}
    1. Bekar P, Efe E. Effects of mother-sung lullabies on vaccination-induced infant pain and maternal anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2022;65:e80-6. - PubMed
Bellieni 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bellieni CV, Bagnoli F, Cordelli DM, Perrone S, Nenci A, Buonocore G. Analgesia for premature children. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2003;29(4):286-90.
Bellieni 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bellieni CV, Cordelli DM, Marchi S, Ceccarelli S, Perrone S, Maffei M, et al. Sensorial saturation for neonatal analgesia. Clinical Journal of Pain 2007;23(3):219-21. - PubMed
Benoit 2021 {published data only}
    1. Benoit B, Newman A, Martin-Misener R, Latimer M, Campbell-Yeo M. The influence of breastfeeding on cortical and bio-behavioural indicators of procedural pain in newborns: findings of a randomized controlled trial. Early Human Development 2021;154:105361. - PubMed
Ben‐Pazi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ben-Pazi H, Cohen A, Kroyzer N, Lotem-Ophir R, Shvili Y, Winter G, et al. Clown-care reduces pain in children with cerebral palsy undergoing recurrent botulinum toxin injections- a quasi-randomized controlled crossover study. PLOS One 2017;12(4):e0175028. - PMC - PubMed
Benzer 2017 {published data only}
    1. Benzer D, Pehlevan OS, Guler MK, Gursoy T, Ovali F, Karatekin G. The effect of sucrose on the control of pain secondary to retinopathy of prematurity screening: randomised controlled trial. Hong Kong Journal of Paediatrics 2017;22(3):151-8.
Bergomi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bergomi P, Chieppi M, Maini A, Mugnos T, Spotti D, Tzialla C, et al. Nonpharmacological techniques to reduce pain in preterm infants who receive heel-lance procedure: a randomized controlled trial. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 2014;28(4):335-48. - PubMed
Boots 2010 {published data only}
    1. Boots BK, Edmundson EE. A controlled, randomised trial comparing single to multiple application lidocaine analgesia in paediatric patients undergoing urethral catheterisation procedures. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010;19(5-6):744-8. - PubMed
Bos‐Veneman 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bos-Veneman NG, Otter M, Reijneveld SA. Using feeding to reduce pain during vaccination of formula-fed infants: a randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2018;103(12):1132-7. - PubMed
Bourdier 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bourdier S, Khelif N, Velasquez M, Usclade A, Rochette E, Pereira B, et al. Cold vibration (Buzzy) versus anesthetic patch (EMLA) for pain prevention during cannulation in children: a randomized trial. Pediatric Emergency Care 2019;37(2):86-91. - PubMed
Britto 2017 {published data only}
    1. Britto C, Jasmine, Rao SP. Assessment of neonatal pain during heel prick: lancet vs needle-a randomized controlled study. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2017;63(5):346-51. - PubMed
Bueno 2010 {unpublished data only}
    1. Bueno M, Bussotti E, DaSilva A, Leao E. Non nutritive sucking and swaddling for pain relief in term neonates. Abstract from the International Symposium on Pediatric Pain 2010:1.
Byun 2018 {published data only}
    1. Byun S, Song S, Kim JH, Ryu T, Jeong MY, Kim E. Mother's recorded voice on emergence can decrease postoperative emergence delirium from general anaesthesia in paediatric patients: a prospective randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2018;121(2):483-9. - PubMed
Çakıcı 2020 {published data only}
    1. Çakıcı M, Mutlu B. Effect of body position on cardiorespiratory stabilization and comfort in preterm infants on continuous positive airway pressure. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2020;54:e1-8. - PubMed
Calcaterra 2014 {published data only}
    1. Calcaterra V, Ostuni S, Bonomelli I, Mencherini S, Brunero M, Zambaiti E, et al. Music benefits on postoperative distress and pain in pediatric day care surgery. Pediatric Reports 2014;6(3):44-8. - PMC - PubMed
Campbell‐Yeo 2009 {published data only}
    1. Campbell-Yeo ML, Johnston C, Joseph KS, Feeley NL, Chambers CT, Barrington KJ. Co-bedding as a comfort measure for twins undergoing painful procedures (CComForT Trial). BMC Pediatrics 2009;9(1):76. [DOI: 10.1 186/1471-2431-9-76] - PMC - PubMed
Campbell‐Yeo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Campbell-Yeo ML, Johnston CC, Joseph KS, Feeley N, Chambers CT, Barrington KJ, et al. Co-bedding between preterm twins attenuates stress response after heel lance: results of a randomized trial. Clinical Journal of Pain 2014;30(7):598-604. - PubMed
Campbell‐Yeo 2019 {published data only}
    1. Campbell-Yeo M, Johnston CC, Benoit B, Disher T, Caddell K, Vincer M, et al. Sustained efficacy of kangaroo care for repeated painful procedures over neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain 2019;160(11):2580‐8. - PubMed
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Canbulat 2015 {published data only}
    1. Canbulat ŞN, İnal S, Akbay AS. The effect of combined stimulation of external cold and vibration during immunization on pain and anxiety levels in children. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing 2015;30(3):228-35. - PubMed
Cardoso 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cardoso MV, Farias LM, Melo GM. Music and 25% glucose pain relief for the premature infant: a randomized clinical trial. Revista Latino-Americana De Enfermagem 2014;22(5):810-8. - PMC - PubMed
Carlson 2000 {published data only}
    1. Carlson KL, Broome M, Vessey JA. Using distraction to reduce reported pain, fear, and behavioral distress in children and adolescents: a multisite study. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses 2000;5(2):75-85. - PubMed
Carneiro 2018 {published data only}
    1. Carneiro EM, Barbosa LP, Bittencourt AC, Hernandez CG, Timoteo RP, Almeida CO, et al. Effects of spiritist "passe" (spiritual healing) on stress hormone, pain, physiological parameters and length of stay in preterm newborns: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 2018;15(4):20180015. - PubMed
Castral 2008 {published data only}
    1. Castral TC, Warnock F, Leite AM, Haas VJ, Scochi, CG. The effects of skin-to-skin contact during acute pain in preterm newborns. European Journal of Pain 2008;12(4):464-71. - PubMed
Ceylan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ceylan SS. Effects of swaddled and sponge bathing methods on signs of stress and pain in premature newborns: implications for evidence-based practice. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing 2018;15(4):296-303. - PubMed
Ceylan 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ceylan SS, Keskin Z. Effects of two different positions on stress, pain and feeding tolerance of preterm infants during tube feeding. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2021;27(5):1-9. - PubMed
Chermont 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chermont AG, Falcao LF, Souza SE, Balda RD, Guinsburg R. Skin-to-skin contact and/or oral 25% dextrose for procedural pain relief for term newborn infants. Pediatrics 2009;124:1101-7. - PubMed
Choi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Choi EK, Ro Y, Park SS, Park KB. The use of EMLA cream reduces the pain of skin puncture associated with caudal block in children. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2016;69(2):149-54. - PMC - PubMed
Choudhary 2016 {published data only}
    1. Choudhary M, Dogiyal H, Sharma D, Datt GB, Madabhavi I, Choudhary JS, et al. To study the effect of kangaroo mother care on pain response in preterm neonates and to determine the behavioral and physiological responses to painful stimuli in preterm neonates: a study from western Rajasthan. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2016;29(5):826-31. - PubMed
Cignacco 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cignacco E, Hamers JP, Van Lingen RA, Zimmermann LJ, Muller R, Gessler P, et al. Pain relief in ventilated preterm infants during endotracheal suctioning: a randomized controlled trial. Swiss Medical Weekly 2008;138(43-44):635-45. - PubMed
Collados‐Gomez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Collados-Gomez L, Ferrera-Camacho P, Fernandez-Serrano E, Camacho-Vicente V, Flores-Herrero C, Garcia-Pozo A, et al. Randomised crossover trial showed that using breast milk or sucrose provided the same analgesic effect in preterm infants of at least 28 weeks. Acta Paediatrica 2017;107(3):436-41. - PubMed
Cologna 1999 {published data only}
    1. Cologna M, Sperandio L. The effect of two different methods of heel lancing on pain reaction in preterm neonates. Assistenza Infermieristica e Ricerca: Air 1999;18(4):185-92. - PubMed
Cong 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cong X. Kangaroo Care for Analgesia in Preterm Infants Undergoing Heel Stick Pain. Dissertation/Thesis 2006:1-230.
Cong 2009 {published data only}
    1. Cong X, Ludington-Hoe SM, McCain G, Fu P. Kangaroo care modifies preterm infant heart rate variability in response to heel stick pain: pilot study. Early Human Development 2009;85(9):561-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.05.012] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cuhaci 2020 {published data only}
    1. Cuhaci Cakir B, Sayli TR, Kara Uzun A, Suicmez U. Pain response comparison between two different vaccinations. Hong Kong Journal of Paediatrics 2020;25(3):159‐65.
Curry 2012 {published data only}
    1. Curry DM, Brown C, Wrona S. Effectiveness of oral sucrose for pain management in infants during immunizations. Pain Management Nursing 2012;13(3):139-49. - PubMed
D'Agostino 2008 {published data only}
    1. D'Agostino R, Tarantino V, Calevo MG. Blunt dissection versus electronic molecular resonance bipolar dissection for tonsillectomy: operative time and intraoperative and postoperative bleeding and pain. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2008;72(7):1077-84. - PubMed
Dahlquist 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dahlquist LM, Pendley JS, Landthrip DS, Jones CL, Steuber CP. Distraction intervention for preschoolers undergoing intramuscular injections and subcutaneous port access. Health Psychology 2002;21(1):94-9. - PubMed
Dahlquist 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dahlquist LM, Pendley JS. When distraction fails: parental anxiety and children's responses to distraction during cancer procedures. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2005;30(7):623-8. - PubMed
Dar 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dar JY, Goheer L, Shah SA. Analgesic effect of direct breastfeeding during BCG vaccination in healthy neonates. Journal of Ayub Medical College 2019;31(3):379‐82. - PubMed
De Bernardo 2019 {published data only}
    1. De Bernardo G, Riccitelli M, Sordino D, Giordano M, Piccolo S, Buonocore G, et al. Oral 24% sucrose associated with nonnutritive sucking for pain control in healthy term newborns receiving venipuncture beyond the first week of life. Journal of Pain Research 2019;12:299-305. - PMC - PubMed
De Jong 2012 {published data only}
    1. De Jong M, Lucas C, Bredero H, Van Adrichem L, Ribboel D, Van Dijk M. Does postoperative 'M' technique massage with or without mandarin oil reduce infants' distress after major craniofacial surgery? Journal of Advanced Nursing 2012;68(8):1748-57. - PubMed
Desjardins 2016 {published data only}
    1. Desjardins MP, Gaucher N, Curtis S, LeMay S, Lebel D, Gouin S, et al. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of oral sucrose in infants 1 to 3 months old needing intravenous cannulation. Academic Emergency Medicine 2016;23(9):1048-53. - PubMed
de Sousa 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sousa Freire NB, Santos Garcia JB, Lamy ZC. Evaluation of analgesic effect of skin-to-skin contact compared to oral glucose in preterm neonates. Pain 2008;139(1):28-33. - PubMed
Diego 2009 {published data only}
    1. Diego MA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M. Procedural pain heart rate responses in massaged preterm infants. Infant Behavior & Development 2009;32(2):226-9. - PMC - PubMed
Dilen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Dilen B, Elseviers M. Oral glucose solution as pain relief in newborns: results of a clinical trial. Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care 2010;37(2):98-105. - PubMed
Dolgun 2017 {published data only}
    1. Dolgun G, Bozlak S. Effect of nonpharmacologic pain control during examination for retinopathy of prematurity. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 2017;46(5):709-15. - PubMed
Dos Santos 2015 {published data only}
    1. Dos Santos GC, De Medeiros Lima L, De Oliveira GB, De Souza AR, Dos Santos Freitas V. Nuring intervention for pain control in newborns: effectiveness of non-pharmacological actions. Journal of Nursing 2015;9(8):8784-91.
Downey 2012 {published data only}
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Drago 2009 {published data only}
    1. Drago LA, Singh SB, Douglass-Bright A, Yaa Yiadom M, Baumann BM. Efficacy of ShotBlocker in reducing pediatric pain associated with intramuscular injections. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2009;27:536-43. - PubMed
Duncan 2004 {published data only}
    1. Duncan B, Barton L, Edmonds D, Blashill BM. Parental perceptions of the therapeutic effect from osteopathic manipulation or acupuncture in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Clinical Pediatrics 2004;43(4):349-53. - PubMed
Dur 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dur Ş, Balcı S. Assessing neonatal pain, duration of crying and procedure time following use of automatic or manual heel lances: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2018;64(6):488-94. - PubMed
Elmoneim 2020 {published data only}
    1. Elmoneim MA, Mohamed HA, Awad A, El-Hawary A, Salem N, El helaly R, et al. Effect of tactile/kinesthetic massage therapy on growth and body composition of preterm infants. European Journal of Pediatrics 2020;180:207-15. - PubMed
El‐Naggar 2010 {published data only}
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Erkul 2017 {published data only}
    1. Erkul M, Efe E. Efficacy of breastfeeding on babies' pain during vaccinations. Breastfeeding Medicine 2017;12(2):110-5. - PubMed
Erkut 2021 {published data only}
    1. Erkut Z, Mutlu B, Çakıcı M. The effect of 3 positions given to preterm infants during heelstick procedure on pain and durations of crying and procedure. Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 2021;35(2):188‐95. - PubMed
Evelien 2020 {published data only}
    1. Evelien C, Manon C, Emmanuelle D, Isa-belle P, Walid H. Comparison between tablet computer and nitrous oxide for decreasing anxiety related to intravenous catheterization in children: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Swiss Medical Weekly 2020;150(Suppl 246):3S.
Fallah 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fallah R, Naserzadeh N, Ferdosian F, Binesh F. Comparison of effect of kangaroo mother care, breastfeeding and swaddling on Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination pain score in healthy term neonates by a clinical trial. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2017;30(10):1147-50. - PubMed
Favara‐Scacco 2001 {published data only}
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Felt 2000 {published data only}
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Ferber 2008 {published data only}
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Ferdosian 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ferdosian F, Esteghamat R, Fallah R, Shahraki T. Effect of midazolam alone versus midazolam with maternal presence on pain and anxiety of lumbar puncture in 6 to 24-month-old children. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology 2020;14(1):57‐64. - PMC - PubMed
Franck 2011 {published data only}
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Gad 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gad RF, Dowling DA, Abusaad FE, Bassiouny MR, Abd El Aziz MA. Oral sucrose versus breastfeeding in managing infants' immunization-related pain: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing 2019;44(2):108-14. - PubMed
Gad 2021 {published data only}
    1. Gad GI, El Eman Magd El Deen Menchawy El Kholy N, Abd El Hamid Rabie DE. Developmental Care Implementation on preterm neonates in Ain Shams University Pediatric Hospitals: an interventional study. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 2021;114(Suppl 1):i301.
Gan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gan KML, Oei J-L, Quah-Smith I, Kamar AA, Lordudass AAD, Liem KD, et al. Magnetic non-invasive auricular acupuncture during eye-exam for retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2020;8:615008. - PMC - PubMed
Gao 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gao H, Xu G, Li F, Lv H, Rong H, Mi Y, et al. Effect of combined pharmacological, behavioral, and physical interventions for procedural pain on salivary cortisol and neurobehavioral development in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pain 2020;162(1):253-62. - PubMed
Gautheyrou 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gautheyrou L, Durand S, Jourdes E, De Jonckheere J, Combes C, Cambonie G. Facilitated tucking during early neonatologist-performed echocardiography in very preterm neonates. Acta Paediatrica 2018;107(12):2079-85. - PubMed
Gedaly‐Duff 1992 {published data only}
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Gezginci 2021 {published data only}
    1. Gezginci E, Suluhan D, Caliskan MB. Is tablet-based interactive distraction effective on pain and anxiety during circumcision in children? A randomized controlled trial. Turkish Journal of Urology 2021;47(6):518-25. - PMC - PubMed
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Gonzalez 1989 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez JC, Routh DK, Saab PG, Armstrong FD, Shifman L, Guerra E, et al. Effects of parent presence on children's reactions to injections: behavioral, physiological, and subjective aspects. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1989;14(3):449-62. - PubMed
Gonzalez 1993 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez JC, Routh DK, Armstrong FD. Effects of maternal distraction versus reassurance on children's reactions to injections. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1993;18(5):593-604. - PubMed
Goubet 2003 {published data only}
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Goubet 2007 {published data only}
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    1. Gouin S, Gaucher N, Lebel D, Desjardins MP. A randomized double-blind trial comparing the effect on pain of an oral sucrose solution vs. placebo in children 1 to 3 months old undergoing simple venipuncture. Journal of Emergency Medicine 2018;54(1):33-9. - PubMed
Gray 2000 {published data only}
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Gray 2012 {published data only}
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Greenberg 1997 {published data only}
    1. Greenberg CS. An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Selected Nonpharmacologic Pain Interventions in Infants. San Diego: University of San Diego, 1997.
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Ha 2013 {published data only}
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Haixia 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gao H, Xu G, Gao H, Dong R, Fu H, Wang D, et al. Effect of repeated kangaroo mother care on repeated procedural pain in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2015;52(7):1157-65. - PubMed
Haixia 2021 {published data only}
    1. Haixia G, Guihua X, Fang L, Hui L, Hui R, Yuanyuan M, et al. Effect of combined pharmacological, behavioral, and physical interventions for procedural pain on salivary cortisol and neurobehavioral development in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pain 2021;162(1):253-62. - PubMed
Hanson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hanson D, Hall W, Mills LL, Au S, Bhagat R, Hernandez M, et al. Comparison of distress and pain in infants randomized to groups receiving standard versus multiple immunizations. Infant Behavior and Development 2010;33:289-96. - PubMed
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Harrison 2015 {published data only}
    1. Harrison D, Reszel J, Barrowman N, Martelli B, Sharp D, Vaillancourt R. Be sweet to toddlers during needles: pilot randomized controlled trial of sucrose compared to placebo. Nursing Reports 2015;5(1):19-21.
Harrison 2020 {published data only}
    1. Harrison TM, Brown R, Duffey T, Frey C, Bailey J, Nist MD, et al. Effects of massage on post-operative pain in infants with complex congenital heart disease. Nursing Research 2020;69(5S):S36-46. - PubMed
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    1. Hatem TP, Lira PI, Mattos SS. The therapeutic effects of music in children following cardiac surgery. Jornal de Pediatria 2006;82(3):186-92. - PubMed
Hawkins 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hawkins PJ, Liossi C, Ewart BW, Hatira P, Kosmidis VH. Hypnosis in the alleviation of procedure related pain and distress in paediatric oncology patients...including commentary by Hart C and Hart B. Contemporary Hypnosis 1998;15(4):199‐211.
He 2010 {published data only}
    1. He H, Jahja R, Lee T, Ang E, Sinnappan R, Vehvilainen-Julkunen K, et al. Nurses' use of non-pharmacological methods in children's postoperative pain management: educational intervention study. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2010;66(11):2398-409. - PubMed
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Hoffman 2006 {published data only}
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Holsti 2005 {published data only}
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Hsieh 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hsieh KH, Chen SJ, Tsao PC, Wang CC, Huang CF, Lin CM, et al. The analgesic effect of non-pharmacological interventions to reduce procedural pain in preterm neonates. Pediatrics and Neonatology 2017;59(1):71-6. - PubMed
Hsu 1995 {published data only}
    1. Hsu CY, Huang LM, Lee CY, Lin TY, Lee PI, Chen JM. Local massage after vaccination enhances the immunogenicity of diphtheria- tetanus-pertussis vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1995;14(7):567-72. - PubMed
Huang 1999 {published data only}
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Huang 2004 {published data only}
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Hurley 2020 {published data only}
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Ida 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ida S, Yoshimura N, Nakacho M, Ota M, Mine H, Moriyama H, et al. Evaluation of the use of PenNeedle 32G Taper in children being treated with growth hormone. Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology 2008;17(1):1-7. - PMC - PubMed
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Jackson 2008 {published data only}
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Jie 2017 {published data only}
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Jiemin 2015 {published data only}
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Jo 2007 {published data only}
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Johnston 2003 {published data only}
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Johnston 2007b {published data only}
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Johnston 2008a {published data only}
    1. Johnston CC, Filion F, Campbell-Yeo M, Goulet C, Bell L, McNaughton K, et al. Kangaroo mother care diminishes pain from heel lance in very preterm neonates: a crossover trial. BMC Pediatrics 2008;8:13. - PMC - PubMed
Johnston 2009 {published data only}
    1. Johnston CC, Filion F, Campbell-Yeo M, Goulet C, Bell L, McNaughton K, et al. Enhanced kangaroo mother care for heel lance in preterm neonates: a crossover trial. Journal of Perinatology 2009;29:51-6. - PubMed
Johnston 2012 {published data only}
    1. Johnston C, Byron J, Filion F, Campbell-Yeo M, Gibbins S, Ng E. Alternative female kangaroo care for procedural pain in preterm neonates: a pilot study. Acta Paediatrica 2012;101(11):1147-50. - PubMed
Karimi 2022 {published data only}
    1. Karimi Z, Kazemi Karani N, Momeni E, Afrasiabifar A. The effect of breastfeeding versus sensorial saturation on infants' behavioral responses of pain following pentavalent vaccination on 4 and 6 month old infants: a randomized controlled clinical trial study. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery 2022;10(2):146‐55. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Kassab M, Almomani B, Nuseir K, Alhouary AA. Efficacy of sucrose in reducing pain during immunization among 10- to 18-month-old infants and young children: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2020;50:e55‐61. - PubMed
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Kazmi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kazmi A, Noor M, Shabir S, Aziz S, Aslam S, Fatima A. Comparison of mean pain score in preterm neonatal procedural pain treated with expressed breast milk and 25% dextrose solution. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2020;14(4):1320‐2.
Khajeh 2019 {published data only}
    1. Khajeh M, Sadeghi T, Ramezani M, Derafshi R. Effect of mothers' educational supportive care program on pain intensity and crying duration caused by colic pain in infants aged 1-5 months. Journal of Evidence-Based Care 2019;9(1):7-15.
Khalid 2019 {published data only}
    1. Khalid KM, Ramli N, Nasir A, Van Rostenberghe H, Taib F, Ibrahim NR. A randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of honey versus sucrose as analgesia during venipuncture in the newborns. International Medical Journal 2019;26(6):460‐3.
Khanjari 2021 {published data only}
    1. Khanjari S, Haghani H, Khoshghadm M, Asayesh H. The effect of combined external cold and vibration during immunization on pain and anxiety levels in children. Journal of Nursing & Midwifery Sciences 2021;8(4):231‐7.
Kivijärvi 2008 {published data only}
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Koivusalo 2009 {published data only}
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Konar 2021 {published data only}
    1. Konar MC, Islam K, Sil A, Nayek K, Barik K. Effect of music on outcomes of birth asphyxia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2021;67(2):1-8. - PubMed
Kostandy 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kostandy RR, Ludington-Hoe SM, Cong X, Abouelfettoh A, Bronson C, Stankus A, et al. Kangaroo care (skin contact) reduces crying response to pain in preterm neonates: pilot results. Pain Management Nursing 2008;9(2):55-65. - PMC - PubMed
Kucukoglu 2015a {published data only}
    1. Kucukoglu S, Celebioglu A, Caner I, Ok G, Maden R. The effects of instrumental touching on infant pain perception and the effects of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) on the reduction of pain. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics 2015;25(3):1-6. - PMC - PubMed
Kumari 2021 {published data only}
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Kurdahi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kurdahi Badr L, Demerjian T, Daaboul T, Abbas H, Hasan Zeineddine M, Charafeddine L. Preterm infants exhibited less pain during a heel stick when they were played the same music their mothers listened to during pregnancy. Acta Paediatrica 2017;106(3):438-45. - PubMed
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    1. Lago P, Cavicchiolo ME, Mion T, Dal Cengio V, Allegro A, Daverio M, et al. Repeating a dose of sucrose for heel prick procedure in preterms is not effective in reducing pain: a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Pediatrics 2019;179(2):293-301. - PubMed
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Lavin 2019 {published data only}
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    1. Lavoie PM, Stritzke A, Ting J, Jabr M, Jain A, Kwan E, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the use of oral glucose with or without gentle facilitated tucking of infants during neonatal echocardiography. PLOS One 2015;10(10):e0141015. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Lee HN, Bae W, Park JW, Jung JY, Hwang S, Kim, DK, Kwak YH. Virtual reality environment using a dome screen for procedural pain in young children during intravenous placement: a pilot randomized controlled trial. PLOS One 2021;16(8):e0256489. - PMC - PubMed
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Liu 2015 {published data only}
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Ludington‐Hoe 2005 {published data only}
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MacLaren 2005 {published data only}
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Mandee 2021 {published data only}
    1. Mandee S, Buachai K, Aroonpruksakul N, Tantemsapya N, Buasuk T. Effects of sucrose and nonnutritive sucking on pain behavior in neonates and infants undergoing wound dressing after surgery: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2021;31:439-44. - PubMed
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Maya‐Enero 2022 {published data only}
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Metreş 2019 {published data only}
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Miles 2006 {published data only}
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Modanloo 2021 {published data only}
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Mucignat 2004 {published data only}
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Nandini 2021 {published data only}
    1. Nandini, Sharma N. A study to assess the effectiveness of facilitated tucking position on pain perception among neonates during vaccination in selected hospital of Panipat, Haryana. International Journal of Nursing Education 2021;13(3):131-135.
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Napiórkowska‐Orkisz 2022 {published data only}
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Nimbalkar 2020 {published data only}
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Obeidat 2015 {published data only}
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Pandita 2018 {published data only}
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Patel 2022 {published data only}
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Rackini 2020 {published data only}
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    1. Ramar P, Vinayagam P, Seeralar A. Effectiveness of oral glucose as analgesic for neonates undergoing retinopathy of prematurity screening - a randomized pilot study for a parallel randomized control trial. Journal of Clinical Neonatology 2019;8(4):238‐42.
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Richey 2022 {published data only}
    1. Richey AE, Khoury M, Segovia NA, Hastings KG, Caruso TJ, Frick S, Rodriguez S. Use of bedside entertainment and relaxation theater (BERT) to reduce fear and anxiety associated with outpatient procedures in pediatric orthopaedics. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 2022;42(1):30‐34. - PubMed
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Saeidi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Saeidi R, Asnaashari Z, Amirnejad M, Esmaeili H, Robatsangi MG. Use of 'kangaroo care' to alleviate the intensity of vaccination pain in newborns. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics 2011;21(1):99‐102. - PMC - PubMed
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SalawatiGhasemi 2021 {published data only}
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Shukla 2018 {published data only}
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Shukla 2021 {published data only}
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    1. Singh RK, Simalti AK, Singh D. Breast feeding as analgesia in neonates: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 2016;36(3):238-42.
Sinkey 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sinkey RG, Eschenbacher MA, Walsh PM, Doerger RG, Lambers DS, Sibai BM, et al. The GoMo study: a randomized clinical trial assessing neonatal pain with Gomco vs Mogen clamp circumcision. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015;212(5):664.e1-8. - PubMed
Slater 2010 {published data only}
    1. Slater R, Cornelissen L, Fabrizi L, Patten D, Yaxen J, Warley A, et al. Oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;376:1225-32. - PMC - PubMed
Slifer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Slifer KJ, DeMore M, Vona-Messersmith N, Pulbrook-Vetter V, Beck M, Dalhquist L, et al. Comparison of two brief parent-training interventions for child distress during parent-administered needle procedures. Children's Health Care 2009;38:23-48. - PMC - PubMed
Sola 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sola C, Lefauconnier A, Bringuier S, Raux O, Capdevila X, Dadure C. Childhood preoperative anxiolysis: is sedation and distraction better than either alone? A prospective randomized study. Paediatric Anaesthesia 2017;27(8):827-34. - PubMed
Sorrentino 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sorrentino G, Fumagalli M, Milani S, Cortinovis I, Zorz A, Cavallaro G, et al. The impact of automatic devices for capillary blood collection on efficiency and pain response in newborns: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2017;72:24-9. - PubMed
Sparks 1998 {published data only}
    1. Sparks L G. A Comparison of the Effects of Cutaneous Stimulation and Distraction on Children's Perceptions of Injection Pain. Dissertation 1998.
Sparks 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sparks LA, Setlik J, Luhman J. Parental holding and positioning to decrease IV distress in young children: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2007;22(6):440-7. - PubMed
Sri 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sri Rahyanti NM, Nurhaeni N, Wanda D. Could a certain sitting position reduce the pain experienced by a child? The benefits of parental holding and an upright position. Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing 2017;40:8-13. - PubMed
Stadler 2021 {published data only}
    1. Stadler J, Avian A, Pichler G, Posch K, Urlesberger B, Raith W. Laser acupuncture versus oral glucose administration for pain prevention in term neonates: an observer-blinded non-inferiority randomized controlled clinical trial. Acupuncture in Medicine 2021;39(6):589‐95. - PubMed
Stevens 2005 {published data only}
    1. Stevens B, Yamada J, Beyene J, Gibbins S, Petryshen P, Stinson J, et al. Consistent management of repeated procedural pain with sucrose in preterm neonates: is it effective and safe for repeated use over time? Clinical Journal of Pain 2005;21(6):543-8. - PubMed
Stevens 2014 {published data only}
    1. Stevens BJ, Gibbins S, Yamada J, Dionne K, Lee G, Johnston C, et al. The Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R): initial validation and feasibility. Clinical Journal of Pain 2014;30(3):238-43. - PubMed
Stevens 2016 {published data only}
    1. Stevens BJ, Yamada J, Promislow S, Barwick M, Pinard M. Pain assessment and management after a knowledge translation booster intervention. Pediatrics 2016;138(4):1-10. - PubMed
Stevens 2018 {published data only}
    1. Stevens B, Yamada J, Campbell-Yeo M, Gibbins S, Harrison D, Dionne K, et al. The minimally effective dose of sucrose for procedural pain relief in neonates: a randomized controlled trial. BioMed Central Pediatrics 2018;18(1):1-8. - PMC - PubMed
Sujatha 2018 {published data only}
    1. Sujatha S, Samson R, Sundaresan. Breast milk for neonatal vaccination pain. Nursing Journal of India 2018;109(6):248-52.
Suksumek 2017 {published data only}
    1. Suksumek N, Jumroendararasame C, Thitiratsanont N, Sutarapanakit N, Punnahitananda S. A randomized, double-blind trial of oral sucrose solution and placebo for pain relief in retinopathy of prematurity examination. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2017;100(5):521-7.
Sundar 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sundar S, Ramesh B, Dixit PB, Venkatesh S, Das P, Gunasekaran D. Live music therapy as an active focus of attention for pain and behavioral symptoms of distress during pediatric immunization. Clinical Pediatrics 2016;55(8):745-8. - PubMed
Sundararajan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sundararajan L, Parikh DH. Evolving experience with video-assisted thoracic surgery in congenital cystic lung lesions in a British pediatric center. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2007;42:1243-50. - PubMed
Sunitha 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sunitha Suresh BS, De Oliveira Jr GS, Suresh S. The effect of audio therapy to treat postoperative pain in children undergoing major surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Surgery International 2015;31(2):197-201. - PubMed
Sureka 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sureka SK, Patidar N, Mittal V, Kapoor R, Srivastava A, Kishore K, et al. Safe and optimal pneumoperitoneal pressure for transperitoneal laparoscopic renal surgery in infant less than 10 kg, looked beyond intraoperative period: a prospective randomized study. Journal of Pediatric Urology 2016;12(5):281.e1-7. - PubMed
Susam 2018 {published data only}
    1. Susam V, Friedel M, Basile P, Ferri P, Bonetti L. Efficacy of the buzzy system for pain relief during venipuncture in children: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Bio-Medica 2018;89(6 Suppl):6-16. - PMC - PubMed
Taddio 2014a {published data only}
    1. Taddio A, Ipp M, Vyas C, Parikh C, Smart S, Thivakaran S, et al. Teaching parents to manage pain during infant immunizations: laying the foundation for better pain management practices. Clinical Journal of Pain 2014;30(11):987-94. - PubMed
Taddio 2015a {published data only}
    1. Taddio A, Parikh C, Yoon EW, Sgro M, Singh H, Habtom E, et al. Impact of parent-directed education on parental use of pain treatments during routine infant vaccinations: a cluster randomized trial. Pain 2015;156(1):185-91. - PubMed
Taddio 2016 {published data only}
    1. Taddio A, Wong H, Welkovics B, Ilersich AL, Cole M, Goldbach M, et al. A randomized trial of the effect of vaccine injection speed on acute pain in infants. Vaccine 2016;34(39):4672-7. - PubMed
Taddio 2018 {published data only}
    1. Taddio A, Shah V, Bucci L, MacDonald NE, Wong H, Stephens D. Effectiveness of a hospital-based postnatal parent education intervention about pain management during infant vaccination: a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2018;190(42):E1245-52. - PMC - PubMed
Tanabe 2002 {published data only}
    1. Tanabe P, Ferket K, Thomas R, Paice J, Marcantonio R. The effect of standard care, ibuprofen, and distraction on pain relief and patient satisfaction in children with musculoskeletal trauma. Journal of Emergency Nursing 2002;28(2):118-25. - PubMed
Tang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Tang L, Wang H, Liu Q, Wang F, Wang M, Sun J, et al. Effect of music intervention on pain responses in premature infants undergoing placement procedures of peripherally inserted central venous catheter: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine 2018;19:105-9.
Taplak 2017 {published data only}
    1. Taplak AŞ, Erdem E. A comparison of breast milk and sucrose in reducing neonatal pain during eye exam for retinopathy of prematurity. Breastfeeding Medicine 2017;12(5):305-10. - PubMed
Tasci 2020 {published data only}
    1. Tasci B, Kuzlu Ayyildiz T. The calming effect of maternal breast milk odor on term infant: a randomized controlled trial. Breastfeeding Medicine 2020;15(11):724‐30. - PubMed
Tavlar 2022 {published data only}
    1. Tavlar M, Karakoc A. The effect of breastfeeding, breast milk odour and mother's heartbeat sound on pain level in newborns: a randomized trial. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2022;0:e13067. - PubMed
Tekgündüz 2019 {published data only}
    1. Tekgündüz KŞ, Polat S, Gürol A, Apay SE. Oral glucose and listening to lullaby to decrease pain in preterm infants supported with NCPAP: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Management Nursing 2019;20(1):54-61. - PubMed
Teunkens 2018 {published data only}
    1. Teunkens A, Van de Velde M, Vermeulen K, Van Loon P, Bogaert G, Fieuws S, et al. Dorsal penile nerve block for circumcision in pediatric patients: a prospective, observer-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial for the comparison of ultrasound-guided vs landmark technique. Paediatric Anaesthesia 2018;28(8):703-9. - PubMed
Toshiyuki 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hijikata T, Mihara T, Nakamura N, Miwa T, Ka K, Goto T. Electrical stimulation of the heart 7 acupuncture site for preventing emergence agitation in children: a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016;33(7):535-42. - PubMed
Tudor‐Drobjewski 2018 {published data only}
    1. Tudor-Drobjewski BA, Marhofer P, Kimberger O, Huber WD, Roth G, Triffterer L. Randomised controlled trial comparing preoperative carbohydrate loading with standard fasting in paediatric anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2018;121(3):656-61. - PubMed
Ucar 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ucar S, Varma M, Altan S. The efficacy of non-nutritive sucking and sucrose for the relief of pain during eye examinations for retinopathy of prematurity: a randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2014;99:A182-3.
Ueki 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ueki S, Matsunaka E, Takao K, Kitao M, Fukui M, Fujita Y. The effectiveness of vibratory stimulation in reducing pain in children receiving vaccine injection: a randomized controlled trial. Vaccine 2021;39(15):2080‐7. - PubMed
Uematsu 2019 {published data only}
    1. Uematsu H, Sobue I. Effect of music (Brahms lullaby) and non-nutritive sucking on heel lance in preterm infants: a randomized controlled crossover trial. Paediatrics & Child Health 2019;24(1):E33-9. - PMC - PubMed
Ullan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ullan AM, Belver MH. With plush toys, it hurts less: the effect of a program to promote play to reduce children's postsurgical pain. In: Handbook of Medical Play Therapy and Child Life: Interventions in Clinical and Medical Settings. Routledge, 2018:314-28.
Ullsten 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ullsten A, Hugoson P, Forsberg M, Forzelius L, Klassbo M, Olsson E, et al. Efficacy of live lullaby singing during procedural pain in preterm and term neonates. Music & Medicine 2017;9(2):73-85.
Usclade 2022 {published data only}
    1. Usclade A, Blanc N, Kohlmuller M, Torres A, Siret S, Tachet C, et al. Infrared augmented reality device versus standard procedure for peripheral venous catheterisation in children less than 3 years old: a quasi-experimental cluster randomised controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2022;31(11-12):1628‐35. - PubMed
Usichenko 2016 {published data only}
    1. Usichenko TI, Wolters P, Anders EF, Splieth C. Acupuncture reduces pain and autonomic distress during injection of local anesthetic in children: a pragmatic crossover investigation. Clinical Journal of Pain 2016;32(1):82-6. - PubMed
van der Heijden 2018 {published data only}
    1. Heijden MJ, Jeekel J, Rode H, Cox S, Rosmalen J, Hunink MG, et al. Can live music therapy reduce distress and pain in children with burns after wound care procedures? A randomized controlled trial. Burns 2018;44(4):823-33. - PubMed
Varghese 2018 {published data only}
    1. Varghese SS, Kale AB. A study to assess the effectiveness of swaddling on pain among neonates undergoing heel lancing procedure in neonatal intensive care units. International Journal of Nursing Education 2018;10(4):143-5.
Varghese 2020 {published data only}
    1. Varghese P, Ahalya V, Kuriakose A. Effectiveness of distraction versus cutaneous stimulation on venipuncture pain response among children. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2020;11(2):362‐7.
Veronesi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Veronesi L, Merola EP, Schiavone M, Forni C. Efficacy of splint with heel off-loaded in children with lower limbs plaster cast. Randomised open label trial [Efficacia della valva di posizione con scarico al tallone nei bambini portatori di apparecchio gessato agli arti inferiori. Trial randomizzato controllato in aperto]. Assistenza Infermieristica e Ricerca 2016;35(2):62-9. - PubMed
Viana 2020 {published data only}
    1. Viana TRF, Melo GM, Cardoso MVLML, Almeida PC, Oliveira LM, Santos DAS. Pain in full term newborns submitted to music and swaddling during venipunctures [Dor em recém-nascidos a termo submetidos à intervenção música e enrolamento durante punção venosa]. Rev Rene 2020;21(1):1‐8.
Viggiano 2021 {published data only}
    1. Viggiano C, Occhinegro A, Siano MA, Mandato C, Adinolfi M, Nardacci A, et al. Analgesic effects of breast- and formula feeding during routine childhood immunizations up to 1 year of age. Pediatric Research 2021;89(5):1179‐84. - PubMed
Vignochi 2010 {published data only}
    1. Vignochi C, Teixeira PP, Nader SS. Effect of aquatic physical therapy on pain and state of sleep and wakefulness among stable preterm newborns in neonatal intensive care units [Efeitos da fisioterapia aquatica na dor e no estado de sono e vigilia de recem-nascidos pre-termo estaveis internados em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal]. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia (Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy) 2010;14(3):214-20. - PubMed
Vitale 2017 {published data only}
    1. Vitale MC, Modaffari C, Decembrino N, Zhou FX, Zecca M, Defabianis P. Preliminary study in a new protocol for the treatment of oral mucositis in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and chemotherapy (CT). Lasers in Medical Science 2017;32(6):1423-8. - PubMed
Vivancos 2010 {published data only}
    1. Vivancos RB, Leite AM, Scochi CG, dos Santos CB. The skin to skin contact at birth and newborn crying during vaccination against hepatitis B [O contato pele a pele ao nascimento e o choro de recem-nascidos durante vacinacao contra Hepatite B]. Acta Paul Enferm 2010;23(4):461-5.
Wang 2021 {published data only}
    1. Wang Y, Zhang L, Dong W, Zhang R. Effects of kangaroo mother care on repeated procedural pain and cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants. American Journal of Perinatology 2021;0:0. - PubMed
Weissman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Weissman A, Aranovitch M, Blazer S, Zimmer EZ. Heel-lancing in newborns: behavioral and spectral analysis assessment of pain control methods. Pediatrics 2009;124:921-6. - PubMed
Wen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fen Beh W, Hashim MN, Tan WJ, Latiff ZA. Music listening intervention vs local anaesthetic cream for pain management in infants undergoing venepuncture: a collaborative trans-disciplinary research. Journal of Pediatric Research 2018;5(1):1-10.
Williams 2019 {published data only}
    1. Williams N, MacLean K, Guan L, Collet JP, Holsti L. Pilot testing a robot for reducing pain in hospitalized preterm infants. Occupation, Participation and Health 2019;39(2):108-15. - PubMed
Wirth 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wirth S, Klodt C, Wintermeyer P, Berrang J, Hensel K, Langer T, et al. Positive or negative fructose breath test results do not predict response to fructose restricted diet in children with recurrent abdominal pain: results from a prospective randomized trial. Klinische Pädiatrie 2014;226(5):268-73. - PubMed
Wisdorf‐Houtkooper 1997 {published data only}
    1. Wisdorf-Houtkooper KK. The Efficacy of Pediatric Pain Management Techniques for Infants During Inoculation Procedures. Michigan: Western Michigan University, 1997.
Wu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wu HP, Yang L, Lan HY, Peng HF, Chang YC, Jeng MJ, et al. Effects of combined use of mother's breast milk, heartbeat sounds, and non-nutritive sucking on preterm infants' behavioral stress during venipuncture: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2020;52(5):467-75. - PubMed
Wu 2021 {published data only}
    1. Wu H, Zhang J, Ding Q, Wang S, Li J. Effect analysis of embracing breast milk sucking to relieve pain of neonatal heel blood sampling: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Palliative Medicine 2021;10(4):4384‐90. - PubMed
Xin 2019 {published data only}
    1. Xin Y, Li X, Du J, Cheng J, Yi C, Mao H. Efficacy of telephone follow-up in children tonsillectomy with day surgery. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2019;86(3):263-6. - PubMed
Yan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yan DD, Li XJ, Guo ZY. Clinical effect of comprehensive TCM therapy on infantile autumn lientery. World Chinese Medicine 2015;10(12):1880-2.
Yildirim 2018 {published data only}
    1. Yildirim M, Koroglu E, Yucel C, Kirlak S, Sen S. The effect of hospital clown nurse on children's compliance to burn dressing change. Burns 2018;45(1):190-8. - PubMed
Yin 2017 {published data only}
    1. Yin HC, Shih WM, Lee HL, Yang HJ, Chen YL, Cheng SW, et al. Comparison of iatrogenic pain between rotavirus vaccination before and after vaccine injection in 2-month-old infants. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2017;13(5):1136-40. - PMC - PubMed
Yin 2022 {published data only}
    1. Yin T, Liaw JJ, Tien CH, Wu HP, Chang YC, Lan HY. Effects of a tripartite intervention on biological stress in preterm infants during heel pricks for newborn screening: a randomized controlled trial. Research in Nursing & Health 2022;45(1):34‐45. - PubMed
Zeltzer 1991 {published data only}
    1. Zeltzer LK, Dolgin MJ, LeBaron S, LeBaron C. A randomized, controlled study of behavioral intervention for chemotherapy distress in children with cancer. Pediatrics 1991;88(1):34-42. - PubMed
Zeraati 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zeraati H, Vashani HB, Rezaeian A, Abrishami M, Reyhani T, Shoeibi N. Effect of multisensory stimulation on heart rate during eye examination for screening of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2015;25(121):206-16.
Zhang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zhang H, Dong J, Zhang L, Guo X, Zhao H. Effect of pain management on pain relief and mental status of children with neoplasms. Anti-Tumor Pharmacy 2018;8(5):825‐8.
Zun 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zun L, Downey L. The use of cartoon distraction in the reduction of pain. Pain Practice 2012;12(s1):1-199.
Zurita‐Cruz 2017 {published data only}
    1. Zurita-Cruz JN, Rivas-Ruiz R, Gordillo-Alvarez V, Villasis-Keever MA. Breastfeeding for acute pain control on infants: a randomized controlled trial [Los mil primeros días de vida y la prevención de la enfermedad en el adulto]. Nutrición Hospitalaria 2017;34(2):301-7. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Arditi 2006 {published data only}
    1. Arditi H, Feldman R, Eidelman AI. Effects of human contact and vagal regulation on pain reactivity and visual attention in newborns. Developmental Psychobiology 2006;48(7):561-73. - PubMed
AvanAntepli 2021 {published data only}
    1. Avan Antepli N, Bilsin Kocamaz E, Gungormus Z. The effect of vibration on pain during heel lance procedures in newborns: a randomized controlled trial. Advances in Neonatal Care 2021;22(2):E43-7. - PubMed
Bagheri 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bagheri F, Vashani HB, Baskabadi H, Tabriz ER. An investigation of the effects of massage therapy on pain caused by umbilical vein catheter insertion in premature neonates: a clinical trial. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2020;14(4):1600‐3.
Bertrand 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bertrand C, Percheron L. Is the digital tablet an effective distraction on needle-related pain in children? Douleur ET Analgesie 2019;32(2):115-21.
Cakirli 2021 {published data only}
    1. Cakirli M, Acikgoz A. A randomized controlled trial: the effect of own mother's breast milk odor and another mother's breast milk odor on pain level of newborn infants. Breastfeeding Medicine 2021;16(1):75-81. - PubMed
Chen 2021 {published data only}
    1. Chen Y, Li Y, Sun J, Han D, Feng S, Zhang X. The effect of maternal voice on venipuncture induced pain in neonates: a randomized study. Pain Management Nursing 2021;22(5):668-73. - PubMed
Cignacco 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cignacco EL, Sellam G, Stoffel L, Gerull R, Nelle M, Anand KJS, et al. Oral sucrose and "facilitated tucking" for repeated pain relief in preterms: a randomized controlled trial. US American Academy of Pediatrics 2012;129(2):299-308. - PubMed
Deniz 2021 {published data only}
    1. Deniz AO, Acikgoz A. A randomized controlled trial: the effect of acupressure and foot reflexology on pain during heel-lancing in neonates. Clinical Nursing Research 2021;0:1-7. - PubMed
Dorneles da Silveira 2021 {published data only}
    1. Silveira ALD, Christoffel MM, Velarde LGC, Rodrigues EC, Magesti BN, Souza RO. Effect of glucose and non-nutritive sucking on puncture pain in premature infants: a crossover clinical trial. Journal of School of Nursing 2021;55:1-8. - PubMed
Erdogan 2022 {published data only}
    1. Erdogan C, Camur Z. The impact of breast milk taste and smell in reducing pain in infants undergoing blood drawing procedure: a randomized controlled study. Breastfeeding Medicine 2022;17(8):673-7. - PubMed
Güngör 2021 {published data only}
    1. Güngör T, Öztürk Şahin Ö. Analysis of two non-pharmacological pain management methods for vaccine injection pain in infants: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the Turkish Society of Algology 2021;33(1):15-22. - PubMed
Hoseini 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hoseini ASS, Hassani AA. Investigating the effect of earmuffs and eyeshields on pain caused by orogastric tube insertion among infants in neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2020;30(190):152-7.
Inal 2021 {published data only}
    1. Inal S, Aydin Yilmaz D, Erdim L. The effectiveness of swaddling and maternal holding applied during heel blood collection on pain level of healthy term newborns; randomized controlled trial. Early Child Development and Care 2021;192:2066–77.
Jin 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jin H, Kim IA, Jeong MH, Park KY, Kim BS. Salivary cortisol and pain scoring to compare the efficacy of oral dextrose and pacifier for neonatal pain control. Perinatology 2018;29(2):83-8.
Karimi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Karimi Z, Kazemi Karani N, Momeni E, Afrasiabifar A. The effect of swaddling in physiological changes and severity of pain caused by blood sampling in preterm infants: randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research 2019;9(6):47-51.
Kassab 2020b {published data only}
    1. Kassab M, Nuseair K, Al-Qaoud N, Hamadneh S, Roy AN. Is facilitated tucking by parents more effective than dextrose water (10%) in reducing full-term neonatal pain during the heel-lancing procedure: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2020;12(1):2178-86.
Kim 2022 {published data only}
    1. Kim J, Choi SJ. Effect of olfactory stimulation with breast milk on pain responses to heel stick in premature infants: a randomized controlled trial. Breastfeeding Medicine 2022;17(7):605-10. - PubMed
Kucukoglu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kucukoglu S, Aytekin A, Celebioglu A, Celebi A, Caner I, Maden R. Effect of white noise in relieving vaccination pain in premature infants. Pain Management Nursing 2016;17(6):392‐400. - PubMed
Lan 2021 {published data only}
    1. Lan HY, Yang L, Lin CH, Hsieh KH, Chang YC, Yin T. Breastmilk as a multisensory intervention for relieving pain during newborn screening procedures: a randomized control trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021;18(24):1-10. - PMC - PubMed
Lin 2022 {published data only}
    1. Lin CH, Liaw JJ, Chen YT, Yin T, Yang L, Lan HY. Efficacy of breast milk olfactory and gustatory interventions on neonates’ biobehavioral responses to pain during heel prick procedures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022;19(3):1240. - PMC - PubMed
Min‐Kyung 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kim M-K, Kim IA, Jung MH, Han MK, Park KY, Kim BS, et al. Nonpharmacologic pain relief with oral 25% dextrose or/and pacifier for newborn infants. Journal of Korean Society of Neonatology 2011;18(2):353‐83.
Özdemir 2022 {published data only}
    1. Özdemir F, Evgin D, Beşer NG. Effect of prone position, pacifier and smelling breast milk on pain and stress parameters among term neonates undergoing venipuncture: a randomized controlled trail. Journal of Pediatric Research 2022;9(2):146-56.
Özkan 2022 {published data only}
    1. Özkan TK, Yüksel ED, Akar S. Effect of non-nutritive sucking on pain during the examination of retinopathy of prematurity. Journal of Neonatal Nursing 2022;28(3):155-8.
Parhi 2021 {published data only}
    1. Parhi RR, Das N, Sahoo P. Efficacy of Yakson touch and kinesthetic stimulation on the behavioral development, pain and vitals of pre-term neonates during critical care stay: a randomized controlled trial. Current Pediatric Research 2021;25(7):657‐62.
Pouraboli 2021 {published data only}
    1. Pouraboli B, Mirlashari J, Fakhr AS, Ranjbar H, Ashtari S. The effect of facilitated tucking on the pain intensity induced by chest tube removal in infants. Advances in Neonatal Care 2021;22(5):467-72. - PubMed
Rad 2021 {published data only}
    1. Rad ZA, Aziznejadroshan P, Amiri AS, Ahangar HG, Valizadehchari Z. The effect of inhaling mother's breast milk odor on the behavioral responses to pain caused by hepatitis B vaccine in preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Pediatrics 2021;21(1):61. - PMC - PubMed
Ren 2022 {published data only}
    1. Ren X, Li L, Lin S, Zhong C, Wang B. Effects of white noise on procedural pain-related cortical response and pain score in neonates: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Sciences 2022;9:269-77. - PMC - PubMed
Sapkota 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sapkota PS, Bhandari SS, Karn BK, Yadhav U. Efficacy of heel warming on pain response to heel stick in neonates. Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 2021;41(1):48-53.
Sarhangi 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sarhangi F, Azarmnejad E, Javadi M, Tadrisi SD, Rejeh N, Vaismoradi M. The effect of the mother's heartbeat sound on physiological parameters and pain intensity after blood sampling in neonates in the intensive care unit: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Neonatal Nursing 2021;27(2):123-8.
SezerEfe 2022 {published data only}
    1. Sezer Efe Y, Erdem E, Caner N, Gunes T. The effect of gentle human touch on pain, comfort and physiological parameters in preterm infants during heel lancing. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2022;48:101622. - PubMed
Sun 2020 {published data only}
    1. Sun Y, Zhang J, Chen X, Yang Y, Qiu J, Lu KY, Cheng R. Effectiveness of gentle human touch for pain control during examination for retinopathy of pre-maturity: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2020;8:608378. - PMC - PubMed
Talebi 2022 {published data only}
    1. Talebi M, Amiri SRJ, Roshan PA, Zabihi A, Zahedpasha Y, Chehrazi M. The effect of concurrent use of swaddle and sucrose on the intensity of pain during venous blood sampling in neonate: a clinical trial study. BMC Pediatrics 2022;22(1):263. - PMC - PubMed
Usta 2021 {published data only}
    1. Usta C, Tanyeri-Bayraktar B, Bayraktar S. Pain control with lavender oil in premature infants: a double-blind randomized controlled study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2021;27(2):136-41. - PubMed
Yavaş 2021 {published data only}
    1. Yavaş S, Bülbül T, Topçu Gavas H. The effect on pain level and comfort of foot massages given by mothers to newborns before heel lancing: double-blind randomized controlled study. Japan Journal of Nursing Science 2021;18(4):e12421. - PubMed
Yu 2022 {published data only}
    1. Yu W, Chiang M, Lin K, Chang, C, Lin K, Chen C. Effects of maternal voice on pain and mother–Infant bonding in premature infants in Taiwan: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2022;63:e136-42. - PubMed

Additional references

Anand 1987
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Anand 2000
    1. Anand KJ. Pain, plasticity and premature birth: a prescription for permanent suffering? Nature and Medicine 2000;6:971-3. - PubMed
Anand 2001
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References to other published versions of this review

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