Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay

Abstract

Introduction: Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is an arduous task owing to different anatomical locations, unusual clinical presentations, and sparse bacillary load in clinical specimens. Although GeneXpert® MTB/RIF is a windfall in TB diagnostics including EPTB, it yields low sensitivities but high specificities in many EPTB specimens. To further improve the sensitivity of GeneXpert®, GeneXpert® Ultra, a fully nested real-time PCR targeting IS6110, IS1081 and rpoB (Rv0664) has been endorsed by the WHO (2017), wherein melt curve analysis is utilized to detect rifampicin-resistance (RIF-R).

Area covered: We described the assay chemistry/work design of Xpert Ultra and evaluated its performance in several EPTB types, that is, TB lymphadenitis, TB pleuritis, TB meningitis, and so on, against the microbiological reference standard or composite reference standard. Notably, Xpert Ultra exhibited better sensitivities than Xpert, but mostly at the compensation of specificity values. Moreover, Xpert Ultra exhibited low false-negative and false-positive RIF-R results, compared with Xpert. We also detailed other molecular tests, that is, Truenat MTB^TM/TruPlus, commercial real-time PCR, line probe assay, and so on, for EPTB diagnosis.

Expert opinion: A combination of clinical features, imaging, histopathological findings, and Xpert Ultra are adequate for definite EPTB diagnosis so as to initiate an early anti-tubercular therapy.

Keywords: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis; GeneXpert® MTB/RIF; GeneXpert® MTB/RIF ultra; LPA; RIF-R; Truenat MTBTM; diagnosis; trace calls.