Widespread diversity deficits of coral reef sharks and rays

Colin A Simpfendorfer^{1

2}, Michael R Heithaus³, Michelle R Heupel^{2

4}, M Aaron MacNeil⁵, Mark Meekan⁶, Euan Harvey⁷, C Samantha Sherman^{1

8}, Leanne M Currey-Randall⁴, Jordan S Goetze^{9

10}, Jeremy J Kiszka³, Matthew J Rees^{6

11}, Conrad W Speed⁶, Vinay Udyawer¹², Mark E Bond³, Kathryn I Flowers³, Gina M Clementi³, Jasmine Valentin-Albanese¹³, M Shiham Adam¹⁴, Khadeeja Ali^{3

15}, Jacob Asher¹⁶, Eva Aylagas¹⁶, Océane Beaufort¹⁷, Cecilie Benjamin¹⁸, Anthony T F Bernard^{19

20}, Michael L Berumen²¹, Stacy Bierwagen⁴, Chico Birrell²², Erika Bonnema³, Rosalind M K Bown²³, Edward J Brooks²⁴, J Jed Brown²⁵, Dayne Buddo²⁶, Patrick J Burke^{27

28}, Camila Cáceres³, Marta Cambra^{29

30}, Diego Cardeñosa³, Jeffrey C Carrier³¹, Sara Casareto³, Jennifer E Caselle³², Venkatesh Charloo³³, Joshua E Cinner³⁴, Thomas Claverie³⁵, Eric E G Clua^{36

37}, Jesse E M Cochran²¹, Neil Cook^{38

39}, Jessica E Cramp^{40

41}, Brooke M D'Alberto^{1

42}, Martin de Graaf⁴³, Mareike C Dornhege⁴⁴, Mario Espinoza^{29

30}, Andy Estep⁴⁵, Lanya Fanovich³⁹, Naomi F Farabaugh³, Daniel Fernando²³, Carlos E L Ferreira⁴⁶, Candace Y A Fields^{3

24}, Anna L Flam⁴⁷, Camilla Floros^{48

49}, Virginia Fourqurean^{50

51}, Laura Gajdzik^{21

52}, Laura García Barcia³, Ricardo Garla^{53

54}, Kirk Gastrich³, Lachlan George², Tommaso Giarrizzo^{55

56}, Rory Graham⁵, Tristan L Guttridge^{57

58}, Valerie Hagan⁵⁹, Royale S Hardenstine^{15

21}, Stephen M Heck⁵⁹, Aaron C Henderson⁶⁰, Patricia Heithaus³, Heidi Hertler⁶⁰, Mauricio Hoyos Padilla^{61

62}, Robert E Hueter^{63

64}, Rima W Jabado^{1

65}, Jean-Christophe Joyeux⁶⁶, Vanessa Jaiteh^{67

68}, Mohini Johnson⁶⁹, Stacy D Jupiter⁷⁰, Muslimin Kaimuddin^{69

71}, Devanshi Kasana³, Megan Kelley³, Steven T Kessel⁷², Benedict Kiilu⁷³, Taratau Kirata⁷⁴, Baraka Kuguru⁷⁵, Fabian Kyne⁷⁶, Tim Langlois^{77

78}, Frida Lara^{79

80}, Jaedon Lawe⁸¹, Elodie J I Lédée¹, Steve Lindfield⁸², Andrea Luna-Acosta⁸³, Jade Q Maggs⁸⁴, B Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto⁸⁵, Andrea Marshall⁸⁶, Lucy Martin⁸⁷, Daniel Mateos-Molina^{88

89}, Philip Matich⁵⁸, Erin McCombs⁹⁰, Ashlie McIvor^{21

91}, Dianne McLean^{6

92}, Llewelyn Meggs⁸¹, Stephen Moore¹, Sushmita Mukherji^{1

2}, Ryan Murray⁹³, Stephen J Newman⁹⁴, Josep Nogués⁸⁷, Clay Obota^{95

96}, Domingo Ochavillo⁹⁷, Owen O'Shea^{98

99}, Kennedy E Osuka^{95

100}, Yannis P Papastamatiou³, Nishan Perera²², Bradley Peterson¹³, Caio R Pimentel^{66

101}, Fabián Pina-Amargós^{102

103}, Hudson T Pinheiro¹⁰⁴, Alessandro Ponzo¹⁰⁵, Andhika Prasetyo¹⁰⁶, L M Sjamsul Quamar¹⁰⁷, Jessica R Quinlan³, José Amorim Reis-Filho¹⁰⁸, Hector Ruiz¹⁰⁹, Alexei Ruiz-Abierno¹⁰³, Enric Sala¹¹⁰, Pelayo Salinas de-León^{111

112}, Melita A Samoilys^{95

113}, William R Sample³, Michelle Schärer-Umpierre¹⁰⁹, Audrey M Schlaff¹, Kurt Schmid^{54

114}, Sara N Schoen³, Nikola Simpson¹¹⁵, Adam N H Smith¹¹⁶, Julia L Y Spaet¹¹⁷, Lauren Sparks¹¹⁸, Twan Stoffers¹¹⁹, Akshay Tanna²³, Rubén Torres¹²⁰, Michael J Travers⁹⁴, Maurits van Zinnicq Bergmann^{3

121}, Laurent Vigliola¹²², Juney Ward¹²³, Joseph D Warren¹³, Alexandra M Watts^{46

124}, Colin K Wen¹²⁵, Elizabeth R Whitman³, Aaron J Wirsing¹²⁶, Aljoscha Wothke³⁹, Esteban Zarza-González^{127

128}, Demian D Chapman^{3

58}

Affiliations

¹ College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
² Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
³ Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA.
⁴ Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
⁵ Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
⁶ Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁷ School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
⁸ Earth to Ocean Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
⁹ School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹⁰ Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹¹ Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
¹² Australian Institute of Marine Science, Darwin, NT, Australia.
¹³ School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
¹⁴ International Pole and Line Foundation-Maldives, Malé, Republic of Maldives.
¹⁵ Maldives Marine Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture, Malé, Republic of Maldives.
¹⁶ Red Sea Global, Department of Environmental Protection and Regeneration, AlRaidah Digital City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁷ Kap Natirel NGO, Fort l'Olive, Guadeloupe, France.
¹⁸ Mahonia Na Dari Research and Conservation Centre, Kimbe, Papua New Guinea.
¹⁹ South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, National Research Foundation, Makhanda, South Africa.
²⁰ Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.
²¹ Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
²² Marine Conservation, Madagascar Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
²³ Blue Resources Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
²⁴ Cape Eleuthera Institute, Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera, The Bahamas.
²⁵ Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
²⁶ Georgia Aquarium-IUCN Center for Species Survival, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁷ School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
²⁸ Bimini Biological Field Station, Bimini, Bahama.
²⁹ Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
³⁰ MigraMar, Olema, CA, USA.
³¹ Department of Biology, Albion College, Albion, MI, USA.
³² Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
³³ Coastal Impact, Goa, India.
³⁴ College of Arts, Society, and Education, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
³⁵ Centre Universitaire de Formation et de Recherche de Mayotte, Dembeni, France.
³⁶ Paris Sciences Lettres, Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l'Environnement, Opunohu Bay, Papetoai, French Polynesia.
³⁷ Laboratoires d'Excellence Corail, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Perpignan, France.
³⁸ School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
³⁹ Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago.
⁴⁰ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
⁴¹ Sharks Pacific, Rarotonga, Cook Islands.
⁴² Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
⁴³ Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, Netherlands.
⁴⁴ Graduate School for Global Environmental Studies, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁴⁵ Waitt Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁴⁶ Reef Systems Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁴⁷ Marine Megafauna Foundation, Palm Beach, FL, USA.
⁴⁸ Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
⁴⁹ TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK.
⁵⁰ College of Arts, Science, and Education, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA.
⁵¹ Science Department, Georgia Jones-Ayers Middle School, Miami, FL, USA.
⁵² Division of Aquatic Resources, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu, HI, USA.
⁵³ Centro de Biociências, Departmento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
⁵⁴ Beacon Development Company, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
⁵⁵ Instituto de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
⁵⁶ Grupo de Ecologia Aquática, Espaço Inovação do Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Guamá, Guamá, Pará, Brazil.
⁵⁷ Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, The Bahamas.
⁵⁸ Saving the Blue, Cooper City, FL, USA.
⁵⁹ Sharks and Rays Conservation Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.
⁶⁰ The School for Field Studies, Center for Marine Resource Studies, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands.
⁶¹ Pelagios Kakunjá, La Paz, Mexico.
⁶² Fins Attached, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.
⁶³ Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.
⁶⁴ OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA.
⁶⁵ Elasmo Project, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁶⁶ Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
⁶⁷ Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
⁶⁸ Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁶⁹ Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, UK.
⁷⁰ Melanesia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Suva, Fiji.
⁷¹ Wasage Divers, Wakatobi & Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.
⁷² Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁷³ Kenya Fisheries Service, Mombasa, Kenya.
⁷⁴ Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Kiritimati, Kiribati.
⁷⁵ Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
⁷⁶ University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
⁷⁷ School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁷⁸ The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁷⁹ Departamento de Pesquerias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del IPN, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
⁸⁰ Pelagios Kakunjá, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
⁸¹ Yardie Environmental Conservationists Limited, Kingston, Jamaica.
⁸² Coral Reef Research Foundation, Koror, Palau.
⁸³ Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁸⁴ National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁸⁵ Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
⁸⁶ Marine Megafauna Foundation, West Palm, FL, USA.
⁸⁷ Island Conservation Society Seychelles, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles.
⁸⁸ Emirates Nature - World Wide Fund for Nature, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁸⁹ College of Marine Sciences and Aquatic Biology, University of Khorfakkan, Sharjah, UAE.
⁹⁰ Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA, USA.
⁹¹ Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/Aquatic Research Network, Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
⁹² Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁹³ Inland Fisheries Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
⁹⁴ Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, Australia.
⁹⁵ CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya.
⁹⁶ Blue Ventures, Mombasa, Kenya.
⁹⁷ American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa.
⁹⁸ The Centre for Ocean Research and Education, Gregory Town, Eleuthera, The Bahamas.
⁹⁹ Department of Ocean Science, Memorial University, NL, Canada.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK.
¹⁰¹ Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
¹⁰² Blue Sanctuary-Avalon, Jardines de la Reina, Cuba.
¹⁰³ Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Habana, Cuba.
¹⁰⁴ Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁰⁵ Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines.
¹⁰⁶ Center for Fisheries Research, Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta Utara, Indonesia.
¹⁰⁷ Fisheries Department, Universitas Dayanu Ikhsanuddin, Bau Bau, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.
¹⁰⁸ Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicação e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
¹⁰⁹ HJR Reefscaping, Boquerón, Puerto Rico.
¹¹⁰ Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.
¹¹¹ Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
¹¹² Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA.
¹¹³ School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.
¹¹⁴ Thurgau Hunting and Fishing Administration, Frauenfeld, Switzerland.
¹¹⁵ SalvageBlue, Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
¹¹⁶ School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹¹⁷ Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
¹¹⁸ Indo Ocean Project, Jln Toyapakeh DESA Toyapakeh, Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia.
¹¹⁹ Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
¹²⁰ Reef Check Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
¹²¹ Independent consultant, Hull, UK.
¹²² Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Entropie (IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER), Nouméa, New Caledonia, France.
¹²³ Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa.
¹²⁴ Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
¹²⁵ Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
¹²⁶ School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹²⁷ GIBEAM Research Group, Universidad del Sinú, Cartagena, Colombia.
¹²⁸ Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo National Natural Park, Colombia.

PMID: 37319199
DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4884

Widespread diversity deficits of coral reef sharks and rays

Colin A Simpfendorfer et al. Science. 2023.

. 2023 Jun 16;380(6650):1155-1160.

doi: 10.1126/science.ade4884. Epub 2023 Jun 15.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
² Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
³ Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA.
⁴ Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
⁵ Ocean Frontier Institute, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
⁶ Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁷ School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
⁸ Earth to Ocean Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
⁹ School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹⁰ Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹¹ Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
¹² Australian Institute of Marine Science, Darwin, NT, Australia.
¹³ School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
¹⁴ International Pole and Line Foundation-Maldives, Malé, Republic of Maldives.
¹⁵ Maldives Marine Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture, Malé, Republic of Maldives.
¹⁶ Red Sea Global, Department of Environmental Protection and Regeneration, AlRaidah Digital City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁷ Kap Natirel NGO, Fort l'Olive, Guadeloupe, France.
¹⁸ Mahonia Na Dari Research and Conservation Centre, Kimbe, Papua New Guinea.
¹⁹ South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, National Research Foundation, Makhanda, South Africa.
²⁰ Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.
²¹ Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
²² Marine Conservation, Madagascar Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
²³ Blue Resources Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
²⁴ Cape Eleuthera Institute, Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera, The Bahamas.
²⁵ Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
²⁶ Georgia Aquarium-IUCN Center for Species Survival, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁷ School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
²⁸ Bimini Biological Field Station, Bimini, Bahama.
²⁹ Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
³⁰ MigraMar, Olema, CA, USA.
³¹ Department of Biology, Albion College, Albion, MI, USA.
³² Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
³³ Coastal Impact, Goa, India.
³⁴ College of Arts, Society, and Education, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
³⁵ Centre Universitaire de Formation et de Recherche de Mayotte, Dembeni, France.
³⁶ Paris Sciences Lettres, Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l'Environnement, Opunohu Bay, Papetoai, French Polynesia.
³⁷ Laboratoires d'Excellence Corail, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Perpignan, France.
³⁸ School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
³⁹ Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville, Charlotteville, Trinidad and Tobago.
⁴⁰ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
⁴¹ Sharks Pacific, Rarotonga, Cook Islands.
⁴² Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
⁴³ Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, Netherlands.
⁴⁴ Graduate School for Global Environmental Studies, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁴⁵ Waitt Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁴⁶ Reef Systems Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁴⁷ Marine Megafauna Foundation, Palm Beach, FL, USA.
⁴⁸ Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
⁴⁹ TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK.
⁵⁰ College of Arts, Science, and Education, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA.
⁵¹ Science Department, Georgia Jones-Ayers Middle School, Miami, FL, USA.
⁵² Division of Aquatic Resources, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu, HI, USA.
⁵³ Centro de Biociências, Departmento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
⁵⁴ Beacon Development Company, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
⁵⁵ Instituto de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
⁵⁶ Grupo de Ecologia Aquática, Espaço Inovação do Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Guamá, Guamá, Pará, Brazil.
⁵⁷ Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, The Bahamas.
⁵⁸ Saving the Blue, Cooper City, FL, USA.
⁵⁹ Sharks and Rays Conservation Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.
⁶⁰ The School for Field Studies, Center for Marine Resource Studies, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands.
⁶¹ Pelagios Kakunjá, La Paz, Mexico.
⁶² Fins Attached, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.
⁶³ Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.
⁶⁴ OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA.
⁶⁵ Elasmo Project, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁶⁶ Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
⁶⁷ Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
⁶⁸ Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁶⁹ Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, Lincolnshire, UK.
⁷⁰ Melanesia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Suva, Fiji.
⁷¹ Wasage Divers, Wakatobi & Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.
⁷² Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁷³ Kenya Fisheries Service, Mombasa, Kenya.
⁷⁴ Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Kiritimati, Kiribati.
⁷⁵ Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
⁷⁶ University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
⁷⁷ School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁷⁸ The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁷⁹ Departamento de Pesquerias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del IPN, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
⁸⁰ Pelagios Kakunjá, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
⁸¹ Yardie Environmental Conservationists Limited, Kingston, Jamaica.
⁸² Coral Reef Research Foundation, Koror, Palau.
⁸³ Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁸⁴ National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁸⁵ Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
⁸⁶ Marine Megafauna Foundation, West Palm, FL, USA.
⁸⁷ Island Conservation Society Seychelles, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles.
⁸⁸ Emirates Nature - World Wide Fund for Nature, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁸⁹ College of Marine Sciences and Aquatic Biology, University of Khorfakkan, Sharjah, UAE.
⁹⁰ Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA, USA.
⁹¹ Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/Aquatic Research Network, Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
⁹² Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁹³ Inland Fisheries Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
⁹⁴ Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Hillarys, WA, Australia.
⁹⁵ CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya.
⁹⁶ Blue Ventures, Mombasa, Kenya.
⁹⁷ American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa.
⁹⁸ The Centre for Ocean Research and Education, Gregory Town, Eleuthera, The Bahamas.
⁹⁹ Department of Ocean Science, Memorial University, NL, Canada.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK.
¹⁰¹ Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
¹⁰² Blue Sanctuary-Avalon, Jardines de la Reina, Cuba.
¹⁰³ Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Habana, Cuba.
¹⁰⁴ Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁰⁵ Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines.
¹⁰⁶ Center for Fisheries Research, Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta Utara, Indonesia.
¹⁰⁷ Fisheries Department, Universitas Dayanu Ikhsanuddin, Bau Bau, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.
¹⁰⁸ Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicação e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
¹⁰⁹ HJR Reefscaping, Boquerón, Puerto Rico.
¹¹⁰ Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.
¹¹¹ Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
¹¹² Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA.
¹¹³ School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.
¹¹⁴ Thurgau Hunting and Fishing Administration, Frauenfeld, Switzerland.
¹¹⁵ SalvageBlue, Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
¹¹⁶ School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹¹⁷ Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
¹¹⁸ Indo Ocean Project, Jln Toyapakeh DESA Toyapakeh, Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia.
¹¹⁹ Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
¹²⁰ Reef Check Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
¹²¹ Independent consultant, Hull, UK.
¹²² Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Entropie (IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER), Nouméa, New Caledonia, France.
¹²³ Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia, Samoa.
¹²⁴ Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
¹²⁵ Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
¹²⁶ School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹²⁷ GIBEAM Research Group, Universidad del Sinú, Cartagena, Colombia.
¹²⁸ Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo National Natural Park, Colombia.

PMID: 37319199
DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4884

Abstract

A global survey of coral reefs reveals that overfishing is driving resident shark species toward extinction, causing diversity deficits in reef elasmobranch (shark and ray) assemblages. Our species-level analysis revealed global declines of 60 to 73% for five common resident reef shark species and that individual shark species were not detected at 34 to 47% of surveyed reefs. As reefs become more shark-depleted, rays begin to dominate assemblages. Shark-dominated assemblages persist in wealthy nations with strong governance and in highly protected areas, whereas poverty, weak governance, and a lack of shark management are associated with depauperate assemblages mainly composed of rays. Without action to address these diversity deficits, loss of ecological function and ecosystem services will increasingly affect human communities.

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Widespread diversity deficits of coral reef sharks and rays

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Widespread diversity deficits of coral reef sharks and rays

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