I have received consultancies, honoraria, and speakers bureaus fees from AbbVie, Agios, Amgen, Daiichi, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Genentech, Novartis, and Stemline, all unrelated to luspatercept. I have received consultancies, honoraria, and speakers bureaus fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb to present results of the PACE-MDS and MEDALIST trials that assessed the use of luspatercept as salvage therapy (ie, in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes for whom erythropoiesis-stimulating agents failed); neither study used luspatercept as an upfront therapy in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes who were eligible for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. I have received research funding from Celgene for an investigator-initiated study of azacitidine-based therapy and entinostat in the treatment of older adults with acute myeloid leukaemia. I have served on data safety monitoring boards for Astex, Takeda, AbbVie, and Syndax, all unrelated to luspatercept.