Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 Aug;14(8):1241-1266.
doi: 10.1007/s13300-023-01431-3. Epub 2023 Jun 16.

Expanding the Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Modern Diabetes Care Beyond Type 1 Disease

Tomasz Klupa  1 , Leszek Czupryniak  2 , Grzegorz Dzida  3 , Piotr Fichna  4 , Przemyslawa Jarosz-Chobot  5 , Janusz Gumprecht  6 , Malgorzata Mysliwiec  7 , Agnieszka Szadkowska  8 , Dorota Bomba-Opon  9 , Krzysztof Czajkowski  10 , Maciej T Malecki  11 , Dorota A Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz  12
Affiliations
Review

Expanding the Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Modern Diabetes Care Beyond Type 1 Disease

Tomasz Klupa et al. Diabetes Ther. 2023 Aug.

Abstract

Application of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has moved diabetes care from a reactive to a proactive process, in which a person with diabetes can prevent episodes of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, rather than taking action only once low and high glucose are detected. Consequently, CGM devices are now seen as the standard of care for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Evidence now supports the use of CGM in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on any treatment regimen, not just for those on insulin therapy. Expanding the application of CGM to include all people with T1DM or T2DM can support effective intensification of therapies to reduce glucose exposure and lower the risk of complications and hospital admissions, which are associated with high healthcare costs. All of this can be achieved while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia and improving quality of life for people with diabetes. Wider application of CGM can also bring considerable benefits for women with diabetes during pregnancy and their children, as well as providing support for acute care of hospital inpatients who experience the adverse effects of hyperglycemia following admission and surgical procedures, as a consequence of treatment-related insulin resistance or reduced insulin secretion. By tailoring the application of CGM for daily or intermittent use, depending on the patient profile and their needs, one can ensure the cost-effectiveness of CGM in each setting. In this article we discuss the evidence-based benefits of expanding the use of CGM technology to include all people with diabetes, along with a diverse population of people with non-diabetic glycemic dysregulation.

Keywords: Continuous glucose monitoring; Hospital inpatients; Pregnancy; Type 2 diabetes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Tomasz Klupa has received honoraria from Abbott, Ascencia, Medtronic, Roche, and research support from Medtronic. Leszek Czupryniak has received honoraria from Abbott, Abbott, Ascencia, Medtronic, Roche. Grzegorz Dzida has received honoraria from Abbott, Roche. Piotr Fichna has received honoraria from Abbott. Przemyslawa Jarosz-Chobot has received honoraria from Abbott, Ascencia, Dexcom, Medtronic, Roche. Janusz Gumprecht has received honoraria from Abbott, Ascencia. Malgorzata Mysliwiec has received honoraria from Abbott, Ascencia, Dexcom, Medtronic. Agnieszka Szadkowska has received honoraria from Abbott, Ascencia, Dexcom, Medtronic. Dorota Bomba-Opon has received honoraria from Abbott. Krzysztof Czajkowski has received honoraria from Abbott. Maciej T. Malecki has received honoraria from Abbott, Ascensia, Dexcom, Medtronic, Roche. Dorota Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz has received honoraria from Abbott, Ascensia, Dexcom, Medtronic, Roche.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Intermittent use of CGM in the management of stable disease in T2DM. CGM continuous glucose monitoring, T2DM type 2 diabetes
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Intermittent use of CGM in the management of heterogeneous aspects of T2DM and hyperglycemia. CGM continuous glucose monitoring, CKD chronic kidney disease, PTDM post-transplant diabetes, T1DM type 2 diabetes, T2DM type 2 diabetes
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Freckmann G, Pleus S, Grady M, Setford S, Levy B. Measures of accuracy for continuous glucose monitoring and blood glucose monitoring devices. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2019;13:575–583. doi: 10.1177/1932296818812062. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bailey T, Bode BW, Christiansen MP, Klaff LJ, Alva S. The performance and usability of a factory-calibrated flash glucose monitoring system. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015;17:787–794. doi: 10.1089/dia.2014.0378. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ajjan RA, Cummings MH, Jennings P, Leelarathna L, Rayman G, Wilmot EG. Accuracy of flash glucose monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring technologies: implications for clinical practice. Diabetes Vasc Dis Re. 2018;15:175–184. doi: 10.1177/1479164118756240. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Garg SK, Akturk HK. A new era in continuous glucose monitoring: food and drug administration creates a new category of factory-calibrated nonadjunctive, interoperable class II medical devices. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2018;20:391–394. doi: 10.1089/dia.2018.0142. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bailey TS, Alva S. Landscape of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and integrated CGM: accuracy considerations. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2021;23:5–11. doi: 10.1089/dia.2021.0236. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources