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. 2023 Apr 6;11(6):3450-3463.
doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3335. eCollection 2023 Jun.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer function of Engleromyces goetzei Henn aqueous extract on human intestinal Caco-2 cells treated with t-BHP

Ni Jun  1   2 , Cheng Yi-Ting  1   2 , Gao Yu-Ting  1   2 , Zhao Cheng-Fa  1   2 , Li Li-Juan  1 , She Rong  1   2 , Yang Xiao-Yan  1   2 , Xiao Wen  1   2   3   4 , Yang Xu  1   5
Affiliations

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer function of Engleromyces goetzei Henn aqueous extract on human intestinal Caco-2 cells treated with t-BHP

Ni Jun et al. Food Sci Nutr. .

Abstract

High body mass index (high BMI, obesity) is a serious public health problem, and "obesity-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer" have become modern epidemic diseases. We carried out this study to explore a functional beverage that may protect against obesity-induced diseases. The Engleromyces goetzei Henn herbal tea is such a candidate. For this study, we carried out LC-MS analysis of E. goetzei Henn aqueous extract (EgH-AE); then used the Caco-2 cell line for the model cells and treated the cells with t-BHP to form an oxidative stress system. An MTT assay was used for testing the biocompatibility and cytoprotective effects; reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde determination was used for evaluating the antioxidative stress effect; TNF-α and IL-1β were used for observing the anti-inflammatory effect, and 8-OHdG for monitoring anticancer activity. The results of this study demonstrate that the EgH-AE has very good biocompatibility with the Caco-2 cell line and has good cytoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It is clear that EgH-AE, a kind of ancient herbal tea, may be used to develop a functional beverage that can be given to people with a high BMI to protect against obesity-induced diseases.

Keywords: Engleromyces goetzei Henn (EgH); LC–MS analysis; anticancer; antioxidative stress; anti‐inflammatory; biocompatibility; obesity‐induced diseases.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Photographs of EgH and the sample extraction procedure. a1 and a2 (our image), (b) Preparation protocol for EgH extraction, the EgH images are ours.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Antioxidant activity of EgH extracts. (a) DPPH scavenging activity of EgH with different solvents; (b) ABTS scavenging activity of EgH with different solvents.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Overview of marine‐derived polysaccharides in alleviating oxidative stress‐mediated diseases (cited from Zhong et al., 2019).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
LC–MS analysis of EgH‐AE. (a) Positive ion flow diagram; (b) negative ion flow diagram.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Biocompatibility of EgH‐AE at different concentrations. The data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA, F = 1.092 and p > .05, there is no statistical difference among these groups.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Cytoprotective effect of EgH‐AE in Caco‐2 cells. The results of cellular cell viability were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and followed by an LSD test. Asterisks indicate comparison with the t‐BHP group, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001; well numbers indicate comparison with the Vit C group, # p < .05, ## p < .01, ### p < .001.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Effects of different treatments on Caco‐2 cell morphology.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Main biomarkers indicating cellular oxidative stress and inflammation.
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
Antioxidant activity of EgH‐AE in Caco‐2 cells. (a) Measured cellular ROS levels; (b) measured cellular MDA levels. The data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and followed by an LSD test. Asterisks indicate comparison with the t‐BHP group, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001; well numbers indicate comparison with the Vit C group, # p < .05, ## p < .01, ### p < .001.
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 10
Anti‐inflammatory effect of EgH‐AE in Caco‐2 Cells. (a) The levels of cellular TNF‐α; (b) the levels of cellular IL‐1β. The data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and followed by an LSD test. Asterisks indicate comparison with the t‐BHP group, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001; Well numbers mean comparison with the Vit C group, # p < .05, ## p < .01; well numbers indicate comparison with the Vit C group, # p < .05, ## p < .01, ### p < .001.
FIGURE 11
FIGURE 11
Anticancer activity of EgH‐AE in Caco‐2 cells. The results of cellular 8‐OHdG were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and followed by an LSD test. Asterisks indicate comparison with the t‐BHP group, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001; well numbers indicate comparison with the Vit C group, # p < .05, ## p < .01, ### p < .001.
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