Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Indoor Materials: Method Development

Abstract

Wildfire smoke penetrates indoors, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoke may accumulate on indoor materials. We developed two approaches for measuring PAHs on common indoor materials: (1) solvent-soaked wiping of solid materials (glass and drywall) and (2) direct extraction of porous/fleecy materials (mechanical air filter media and cotton sheets). Samples are extracted by sonication in dichloromethane and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Extraction recoveries range from 50-83% for surrogate standards and for PAHs recovered from direct application to isopropanol-soaked wipes, in line with prior studies. We evaluate our methods with a total recovery metric, defined as the sampling and extraction recovery of PAHs from a test material spiked with known PAH mass. Total recovery is higher for "heavy" PAHs (HPAHs, 4 or more aromatic rings) than for "light" PAHs (LPAHs, 2-3 aromatic rings). For glass, the total recovery range is 44-77% for HPAHs and 0-30% for LPAHs. Total recoveries from painted drywall are <20% for all PAHs tested. For filter media and cotton, total recoveries of HPAHs are 37-67 and 19-57%, respectively. These data show acceptable HPAH total recovery on glass, cotton, and filter media; total recovery of LPAHs may be unacceptably low for indoor materials using methods developed here. Our data also indicate that extraction recovery of surrogate standards may overestimate the total recovery of PAHs from glass using solvent wipe sampling. The developed method enables future studies of accumulation of PAHs indoors, including potential longer-term exposure derived from contaminated indoor surfaces.

Figure 1

Mean extraction recovery percentages with increasing aromatic ring number for (A) 16 PAHs applied to solvent-soaked wipes and (B) the surrogate standards of deuterated compounds. Solutions of PAHs were applied to wipes soaked in IPA (blue) or DCM (orange).

Figure 2

Mean total recovery percentages for the 16 PAHs extracted from IPA-wipes (blue) or DCM-wipes (orange).

Figure 3

Mean total recovery percentages for the 16 PAHs directly extracted from mechanical air filter media (MERV13) (yellow) and cotton (gray).

Figure 4

Mean total (solid) and extraction (hatched) recovery percentages from (A) glass and drywall with IPA-wipes (blue) or DCM-wipes (orange) and from (B) direct extraction of MERV13 filters (yellow) and cotton (gray).