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Meta-Analysis
. 2023 Jun 20;6(6):CD004205.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004205.pub4.

Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates

Mohan Pammi  1 , Khalid N Haque  2
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates

Mohan Pammi et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Mortality and morbidity due to neonatal sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) remain high despite the use of potent antimicrobial agents. Agents that modulate inflammation may improve outcomes. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is one such agent. This is an update of a review first published in 2003 and updated in 2011 and 2015.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of intravenous PTX as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy on mortality and morbidity in neonates with suspected or confirmed sepsis and neonates with NEC.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and trial registries in July 2022. We also searched the reference lists of identified clinical trials and handsearched conference abstracts. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs assessing the efficacy of PTX with antibiotics (any dose or duration) for treatment of suspected or confirmed sepsis or NEC in neonates. We included three comparisons: (1) PTX with antibiotics compared to placebo or no intervention with antibiotics; (2) PTX with antibiotics compared to PTX with antibiotics and adjunct treatments such as immunoglobulin M-enriched intravenous immunoglobulin (IgM-enriched IVIG); (3) PTX with antibiotics compared to adjunct treatments such as IgM-enriched IVIG with antibiotics.

Data collection and analysis: We reported typical risk ratio (RR) and risk difference (RD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes, and mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes derived from a fixed-effect model of meta-analysis. We calculated the number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) if there was a statistically significant reduction in RD.

Main results: We identified no new studies for this update. We included six RCTs (416 neonates). All of the included studies examined neonates with sepsis; we identified no studies on neonates with NEC. Four of the six trials had high risk of bias for at least one risk of bias domain. Comparison 1: PTX with antibiotics compared to placebo with antibiotics, or antibiotics alone, in neonates with sepsis may reduce all-cause mortality during hospital stay (typical RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.93; typical RD -0.08, 95% CI -0.14 to -0.01; NNTB 13, 95% CI 7 to 100; 6 studies, 416 participants, low-certainty evidence) and may decrease length of hospital stay (LOS) (MD -7.74, 95% CI -11.72 to -3.76; 2 studies, 157 participants, low-certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain that PTX with antibiotics compared to placebo or no intervention results in any change in chronic lung disease (CLD) (RR 1.50, 95% CI 0.45 to 5.05; 1 study, 120 participants, very low-certainty evidence), severe intraventricular haemorrhage (sIVH) (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.28 to 2.03; 1 study, 120 participants, very low-certainty evidence), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.10 to 2.63; 1 study, 120 participants, very low-certainty evidence), NEC (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.06; 6 studies, 405 participants, very low-certainty evidence), or retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.98; 1 study, 120 participants, very low-certainty evidence) in neonates with sepsis. Comparison 2: the evidence is very uncertain that PTX with antibiotics compared to PTX with antibiotics and IgM-enriched IVIG has any effect on mortality (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.24 to 2.10; 102 participants, 1 study, very low-certainty evidence) or development of NEC in neonates with sepsis (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.31 to 5.66; 1 study, 102 participants, very low-certainty evidence). The outcomes of CLD, sIVH, PVL, LOS, and ROP were not reported. Comparison 3: the evidence is very uncertain that PTX with antibiotics compared to IgM-enriched IVIG with antibiotics has any effect on mortality (RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.36 to 4.39; 102 participants, 1 study, very low-certainty evidence) or development of NEC (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.31 to 5.66; 102 participants, 1 study, very low-certainty evidence) in neonates with sepsis. The outcomes of CLD, sIVH, PVL, LOS, and ROP were not reported. All of the included studies evaluated adverse effects due to PTX, but none were reported in the intervention group in any of the comparisons.

Authors' conclusions: Low-certainty evidence suggests that adjunct PTX therapy in neonatal sepsis may decrease mortality and length of hospital stay without any adverse effects. The evidence is very uncertain if PTX with antibiotics compared to PTX with antibiotics and IgM-enriched IVIG, or PTX with antibiotics compared to IgM-enriched IVIG with antibiotics, has any effect on mortality or development of NEC. We encourage researchers to undertake well-designed multicentre trials to confirm or refute the effectiveness and safety of pentoxifylline in reducing mortality and morbidity in neonates with sepsis or NEC.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Mohan Pammi is an Associate Editor with the Cochrane Neonatal Group, but has taken no part in the editorial processes for this review, and otherwise declares no conflict of interest.

Khalid Haque declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow diagram illustrating study selection process.
2
2
Risk of bias summary of the included studies in seven domains.
3
3
Risk of bias of the included studies in seven domains.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) compared to placebo or no intervention for the treatment of neonatal sepsis, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality during hospital stay
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) compared to placebo or no intervention for the treatment of neonatal sepsis, Outcome 2: Chronic lung disease
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) compared to placebo or no intervention for the treatment of neonatal sepsis, Outcome 3: Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 and 4)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) compared to placebo or no intervention for the treatment of neonatal sepsis, Outcome 4: Periventricular leukomalacia
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) compared to placebo or no intervention for the treatment of neonatal sepsis, Outcome 5: Length of hospital stay
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) compared to placebo or no intervention for the treatment of neonatal sepsis, Outcome 6: Necrotising enterocolitis, any Bell stage
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) compared to placebo or no intervention for the treatment of neonatal sepsis, Outcome 7: Retinopathy of prematurity, any stage
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) compared to pentoxifylline with antibiotics and adjunct treatments such as IgM‐enriched IVIG, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) compared to pentoxifylline with antibiotics and adjunct treatments such as IgM‐enriched IVIG, Outcome 2: Necrotising enterocolitis, any Bell stage
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) compared to adjunct treatments such as IgM‐enriched IVIG with antibiotics, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) compared to adjunct treatments such as IgM‐enriched IVIG with antibiotics, Outcome 2: Necrotising enterocolitis, any Bell stage
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Hamilcikan 2017a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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References to other published versions of this review

Haque 2003
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