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. 2023 Jun 21;13(6):e068887.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068887.

Recommendations for hand hygiene in community settings: a scoping review of current international guidelines

Clara MacLeod  1 , Laura Braun  2 , Bethany A Caruso  3 , Claire Chase  4 , Kondwani Chidziwisano  5 , Jenala Chipungu  6 , Robert Dreibelbis  2 , Regina Ejemot-Nwadiaro  7 , Bruce Gordon  8 , Joanna Esteves Mills  8 , Oliver Cumming  2
Affiliations

Recommendations for hand hygiene in community settings: a scoping review of current international guidelines

Clara MacLeod et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Background: Hand hygiene is an important measure to prevent disease transmission.

Objective: To summarise current international guideline recommendations for hand hygiene in community settings and to assess to what extent they are consistent and evidence based.

Eligibility criteria: We included international guidelines with one or more recommendations on hand hygiene in community settings-categorised as domestic, public or institutional-published by international organisations, in English or French, between 1 January 1990 and 15 November 2021.

Data sources: To identify relevant guidelines, we searched the WHO Institutional Repository for Information Sharing Database, Google, websites of international organisations, and contacted expert organisations and individuals.

Charting methods: Recommendations were mapped to four areas related to hand hygiene: (1) effective hand hygiene; (2) minimum requirements; (3) behaviour change and (4) government measures. Recommendations were assessed for consistency, concordance and whether supported by evidence.

Results: We identified 51 guidelines containing 923 recommendations published between 1999 and 2021 by multilateral agencies and international non-governmental organisations. Handwashing with soap is consistently recommended as the preferred method for hand hygiene across all community settings. Most guidelines specifically recommend handwashing with plain soap and running water for at least 20 s; single-use paper towels for hand drying; and alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) as a complement or alternative to handwashing. There are inconsistent and discordant recommendations for water quality for handwashing, affordable and effective alternatives to soap and ABHR, and the design of handwashing stations. There are gaps in recommendations on soap and water quantity, behaviour change approaches and government measures required for effective hand hygiene. Less than 10% of recommendations are supported by any cited evidence.

Conclusion: While current international guidelines consistently recommend handwashing with soap across community settings, there remain gaps in recommendations where clear evidence-based guidance might support more effective policy and investment.

Keywords: COVID-19; public health.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Conceptual framework for hand hygiene in community settings.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Percentage of recommendations cited by one of the five types of evidence or no evidence.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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