Exploratory study of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and age of onset of bipolar disorder

Michael Bauer¹, Tasha Glenn², Eric D Achtyes^{3

4}, Martin Alda⁵, Esen Agaoglu⁶, Kürsat Altınbaş⁷, Ole A Andreassen⁸, Elias Angelopoulos⁹, Raffaella Ardau¹⁰, Memduha Aydin¹¹, Yavuz Ayhan⁶, Christopher Baethge¹², Rita Bauer¹³, Bernhard T Baune^{14

15

16}, Ceylan Balaban¹⁷, Claudia Becerra-Palars¹⁸, Aniruddh P Behere¹⁹, Prakash B Behere²⁰, Habte Belete²¹, Tilahun Belete²¹, Gabriel Okawa Belizario²², Frank Bellivier²³, Robert H Belmaker²⁴, Francesco Benedetti^{25

26}, Michael Berk^{27

28}, Yuly Bersudsky²⁹, Şule Bicakci^{6

30}, Harriet Birabwa-Oketcho³¹, Thomas D Bjella⁸, Conan Brady³², Jorge Cabrera³³, Marco Cappucciati³⁴, Angela Marianne Paredes Castro²⁷, Wei-Ling Chen³⁵, Eric Y W Cheung³⁶, Silvia Chiesa³⁴, Marie Crowe³⁷, Alessandro Cuomo³⁸, Sara Dallaspezia²⁶, Maria Del Zompo¹⁰, Pratikkumar Desai^{3

4}, Seetal Dodd^{27

39}, Bruno Etain²³, Andrea Fagiolini³⁸, Frederike T Fellendorf⁴⁰, Ewa Ferensztajn-Rochowiak⁴¹, Jess G Fiedorowicz⁴², Kostas N Fountoulakis⁴³, Mark A Frye⁴⁴, Pierre A Geoffroy^{45

46

47}, Michael J Gitlin⁴⁸, Ana Gonzalez-Pinto⁴⁹, John F Gottlieb⁵⁰, Paul Grof⁵¹, Bartholomeus C M Haarman⁵², Hirohiko Harima⁵³, Mathias Hasse-Sousa^{54

55}, Chantal Henry⁵⁶, Lone Hoffding⁵⁷, Josselin Houenou^{58

59}, Massimiliano Imbesi³⁴, Erkki T Isometsä^{60

61}, Maja Ivkovic⁶², Sven Janno⁶³, Simon Johnsen⁶⁴, Flávio Kapczinski⁵⁴, Gregory N Karakatsoulis⁴³, Mathias Kardell⁶⁵, Lars Vedel Kessing⁶⁶, Seong Jae Kim⁶⁷, Barbara König⁶⁸, Timur L Kot⁶⁹, Michael Koval⁷⁰, Mauricio Kunz⁵⁴, Beny Lafer²², Mikael Landén^{65

71}, Erik R Larsen⁷², Melanie Lenger⁴⁰, Rasmus W Licht^{73

74}, Carlos Lopez-Jaramillo⁷⁵, Alan MacKenzie⁷⁶, Helle Østergaard Madsen⁷⁷, Simone Alberte Kongstad A Madsen⁶⁴, Jayant Mahadevan⁷⁸, Agustine Mahardika⁷⁹, Mirko Manchia^{80

81

82}, Wendy Marsh⁸³, Monica Martinez-Cengotitabengoa^{84

85}, Julia Martini¹³, Klaus Martiny⁷⁷, Yuki Mashima⁸⁶, Declan M McLoughlin⁸⁷, Ybe Meesters⁵², Ingrid Melle⁸, Fátima Meza-Urzúa⁸⁸, Pavol Mikolas¹³, Yee Ming Mok⁸⁹, Scott Monteith⁹⁰, Muthukumaran Moorthy⁷⁸, Gunnar Morken^{91

92}, Enrica Mosca¹⁰, Anton A Mozzhegorov⁹³, Rodrigo Munoz⁹⁴, Starlin V Mythri⁹⁵, Fethi Nacef⁹⁶, Ravi K Nadella⁷⁸, Takako Nakanotani⁹⁷, René Ernst Nielsen^{73

74}, Claire O'Donovan⁵, Adel Omrani⁹⁸, Yamima Osher²⁹, Uta Ouali⁹⁶, Maja Pantovic-Stefanovic⁶², Pornjira Pariwatcharakul⁹⁹, Joanne Petite⁵, Johannes Petzold¹³, Andrea Pfennig¹³, Yolanda Pica Ruiz¹⁰⁰, Marco Pinna^{81

101}, Maurizio Pompili¹⁰², Richard J Porter³⁷, Danilo Quiroz¹⁰³, Francisco Diego Rabelo-da-Ponte¹⁰⁴, Raj Ramesar¹⁰⁵, Natalie Rasgon¹⁰⁶, Woraphat Ratta-Apha⁹⁹, Michaela Ratzenhofer⁴⁰, Maria Redahan³², M S Reddy¹⁰⁷, Andreas Reif¹⁷, Eva Z Reininghaus⁴⁰, Jenny Gringer Richards¹⁰⁸, Philipp Ritter¹³, Janusz K Rybakowski⁴¹, Leela Sathyaputri¹⁰⁸, Angela M Scippa¹⁰⁹, Christian Simhandl¹¹⁰, Daniel Smith¹¹¹, José Smith¹¹², Paul W Stackhouse Jr¹¹³, Dan J Stein¹¹⁴, Kellen Stilwell^{3

4}, Sergio Strejilevich¹¹², Kuan-Pin Su^{115

116}, Mythily Subramaniam¹¹⁷, Ahmad Hatim Sulaiman¹¹⁸, Kirsi Suominen¹¹⁹, Andi J Tanra¹²⁰, Yoshitaka Tatebayashi⁹⁷, Wen Lin Teh¹¹⁷, Leonardo Tondo^{121

122}, Carla Torrent¹²³, Daniel Tuinstra^{3

4}, Takahito Uchida^{86

124}, Arne E Vaaler^{91

92}, Eduard Vieta¹²³, Biju Viswanath⁷⁸, Maria Yoldi-Negrete¹²⁵, Oguz Kaan Yalcinkaya⁶, Allan H Young¹²⁶, Yosra Zgueb⁹⁶, Peter C Whybrow⁴⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. michael.bauer@uniklinikum-dresden.de.
² ChronoRecord Association, Fullerton, CA, USA.
³ Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
⁴ Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Mazhar Osman Mood Center, Konya, Turkey.
⁸ NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, National and Capodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
¹⁰ Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
¹² Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany.
¹³ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
¹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
¹⁶ The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
¹⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Am Main, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
¹⁸ National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁹ Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
²⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University), Wardha, India.
²¹ Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
²² Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
²³ Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM UMR-S1144, Université Paris Cité, Fondation FondaMental, Paris, France.
²⁴ Division of Psychiatry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
²⁵ University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
²⁶ Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
²⁷ IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
²⁸ Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
²⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
³¹ Butabika Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
³² Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
³³ Mood Disorders Clinic, Dr. Jose Horwitz Psychiatric Institute, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
³⁴ Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Piacenza, Italy.
³⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
³⁶ Private Practice, Central, Hong Kong, China.
³⁷ Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
³⁸ Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy.
³⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
⁴⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
⁴¹ Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
⁴² Department of Psychiatry, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
⁴³ 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁴⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁴⁵ Département de Psychiatrie et d'addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hopital Bichat, Claude Bernard, 75018, Paris, France.
⁴⁶ GHU Paris, Psychiatry and Neurosciences, 1 Rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France.
⁴⁷ Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, FHU I2D2, 75019, Paris, France.
⁴⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁴⁹ BIOARABA, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alava, University of the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁵¹ Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
⁵² Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
⁵³ Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
⁵⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁵⁵ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Departamento de Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e da Personalidade, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychiatry, GHU Paris Psychiatrie and Neurosciences, Université de Paris, F-75014, F-75006, Paris, France.
⁵⁷ Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
⁵⁸ Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, APHP, Mondor Univ Hospitals, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010, Créteil, France.
⁵⁹ Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Neurospin, F-91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
⁶⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶¹ National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶² Clinic for Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁶³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
⁶⁴ Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
⁶⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁶⁶ Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
⁶⁸ BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
⁶⁹ Khanty-Mansiysk Clinical Psychoneurological Hospital, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia.
⁷⁰ Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷² Mental Health Department Odense, University Clinic and Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.
⁷³ Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
⁷⁴ Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
⁷⁵ Mood Disorders Program, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Research Group in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
⁷⁶ Forensic Psychiatry, University of Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK.
⁷⁷ Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁷⁸ Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
⁷⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia.
⁸⁰ Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
⁸¹ Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
⁸² Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
⁸³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
⁸⁴ Osakidetza, Basque Health Service, BioAraba Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.
⁸⁵ The Psychology Clinic of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
⁸⁶ Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
⁸⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
⁸⁸ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Und Psychotherapy, SHG Klinikum, Idar-Oberstein, Germany.
⁸⁹ Department of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore City, Singapore.
⁹⁰ Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Traverse City Campus, Traverse City, MI, USA.
⁹¹ Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
⁹² Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs' University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
⁹³ Soviet Psychoneurological Hospital, Urai, Russia.
⁹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
⁹⁵ Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Bazaricherra, Assam, 788727, India.
⁹⁶ Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
⁹⁷ Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, 2-34-10 Ebisu, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, 150-0013, Japan.
⁹⁸ Tunisian Bipolar Forum, Érable Médical Cabinet 324, Lac 2, Tunis, Tunisia.
⁹⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹⁰⁰ Hospital "Ángeles del Pedregal", Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁰¹ Lucio Bini Mood Disorder Center, Cagliari, Italy.
¹⁰² Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
¹⁰³ Deparment of Psychiatry, Diego Portales University, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
¹⁰⁴ School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
¹⁰⁵ SA MRC Genomic and Precision Medicine Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular, Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
¹⁰⁷ Asha Bipolar Clinic, Asha Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
¹⁰⁸ Departments of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, and Internal Medicine, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
¹¹⁰ Bipolar Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Sigmund Freud Privat Universität, Vienna, Austria.
¹¹¹ Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
¹¹² AREA, Assistance and Research in Affective Disorders, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹¹³ Science Directorate/Climate Science Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA.
¹¹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹¹⁵ College of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung, Taiwan.
¹¹⁶ An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
¹¹⁷ Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
¹¹⁸ Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
¹¹⁹ Department of Social Services and Health Care, Psychiatry, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹²⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
¹²¹ McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
¹²² Mood Disorder Lucio Bini Centers, Cagliari e Rome, Italy.
¹²³ Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
¹²⁴ Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
¹²⁵ Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹²⁶ Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.

PMID: 37347392
PMCID: PMC10287592
DOI: 10.1186/s40345-023-00303-w

Exploratory study of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and age of onset of bipolar disorder

Michael Bauer et al. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2023.

. 2023 Jun 22;11(1):22.

doi: 10.1186/s40345-023-00303-w.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. michael.bauer@uniklinikum-dresden.de.
² ChronoRecord Association, Fullerton, CA, USA.
³ Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
⁴ Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Mazhar Osman Mood Center, Konya, Turkey.
⁸ NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, National and Capodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
¹⁰ Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
¹² Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany.
¹³ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
¹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
¹⁶ The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
¹⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Am Main, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
¹⁸ National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁹ Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
²⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University), Wardha, India.
²¹ Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
²² Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
²³ Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM UMR-S1144, Université Paris Cité, Fondation FondaMental, Paris, France.
²⁴ Division of Psychiatry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
²⁵ University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
²⁶ Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
²⁷ IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
²⁸ Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
²⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
³¹ Butabika Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
³² Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
³³ Mood Disorders Clinic, Dr. Jose Horwitz Psychiatric Institute, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
³⁴ Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Piacenza, Italy.
³⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
³⁶ Private Practice, Central, Hong Kong, China.
³⁷ Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
³⁸ Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy.
³⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
⁴⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
⁴¹ Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
⁴² Department of Psychiatry, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
⁴³ 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁴⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁴⁵ Département de Psychiatrie et d'addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hopital Bichat, Claude Bernard, 75018, Paris, France.
⁴⁶ GHU Paris, Psychiatry and Neurosciences, 1 Rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France.
⁴⁷ Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, FHU I2D2, 75019, Paris, France.
⁴⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁴⁹ BIOARABA, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alava, University of the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁵¹ Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
⁵² Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
⁵³ Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
⁵⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁵⁵ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Departamento de Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e da Personalidade, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychiatry, GHU Paris Psychiatrie and Neurosciences, Université de Paris, F-75014, F-75006, Paris, France.
⁵⁷ Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
⁵⁸ Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, APHP, Mondor Univ Hospitals, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010, Créteil, France.
⁵⁹ Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Neurospin, F-91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
⁶⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶¹ National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶² Clinic for Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁶³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
⁶⁴ Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
⁶⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁶⁶ Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
⁶⁸ BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
⁶⁹ Khanty-Mansiysk Clinical Psychoneurological Hospital, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia.
⁷⁰ Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷² Mental Health Department Odense, University Clinic and Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.
⁷³ Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
⁷⁴ Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
⁷⁵ Mood Disorders Program, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Research Group in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
⁷⁶ Forensic Psychiatry, University of Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK.
⁷⁷ Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁷⁸ Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.
⁷⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia.
⁸⁰ Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
⁸¹ Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
⁸² Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
⁸³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
⁸⁴ Osakidetza, Basque Health Service, BioAraba Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.
⁸⁵ The Psychology Clinic of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
⁸⁶ Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
⁸⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
⁸⁸ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Und Psychotherapy, SHG Klinikum, Idar-Oberstein, Germany.
⁸⁹ Department of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore City, Singapore.
⁹⁰ Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Traverse City Campus, Traverse City, MI, USA.
⁹¹ Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
⁹² Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs' University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
⁹³ Soviet Psychoneurological Hospital, Urai, Russia.
⁹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
⁹⁵ Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Bazaricherra, Assam, 788727, India.
⁹⁶ Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
⁹⁷ Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, 2-34-10 Ebisu, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, 150-0013, Japan.
⁹⁸ Tunisian Bipolar Forum, Érable Médical Cabinet 324, Lac 2, Tunis, Tunisia.
⁹⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹⁰⁰ Hospital "Ángeles del Pedregal", Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁰¹ Lucio Bini Mood Disorder Center, Cagliari, Italy.
¹⁰² Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
¹⁰³ Deparment of Psychiatry, Diego Portales University, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
¹⁰⁴ School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
¹⁰⁵ SA MRC Genomic and Precision Medicine Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular, Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
¹⁰⁷ Asha Bipolar Clinic, Asha Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
¹⁰⁸ Departments of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, and Internal Medicine, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
¹¹⁰ Bipolar Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Sigmund Freud Privat Universität, Vienna, Austria.
¹¹¹ Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
¹¹² AREA, Assistance and Research in Affective Disorders, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹¹³ Science Directorate/Climate Science Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA.
¹¹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹¹⁵ College of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung, Taiwan.
¹¹⁶ An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
¹¹⁷ Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
¹¹⁸ Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
¹¹⁹ Department of Social Services and Health Care, Psychiatry, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
¹²⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
¹²¹ McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
¹²² Mood Disorder Lucio Bini Centers, Cagliari e Rome, Italy.
¹²³ Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
¹²⁴ Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
¹²⁵ Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹²⁶ Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.

PMID: 37347392
PMCID: PMC10287592
DOI: 10.1186/s40345-023-00303-w

Abstract

Background: Sunlight contains ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation that triggers the production of vitamin D by skin. Vitamin D has widespread effects on brain function in both developing and adult brains. However, many people live at latitudes (about > 40 N or S) that do not receive enough UVB in winter to produce vitamin D. This exploratory study investigated the association between the age of onset of bipolar I disorder and the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production in a large global sample.

Methods: Data for 6972 patients with bipolar I disorder were obtained at 75 collection sites in 41 countries in both hemispheres. The best model to assess the relation between the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production and age of onset included 1 or more months below the threshold, family history of mood disorders, and birth cohort. All coefficients estimated at P ≤ 0.001.

Results: The 6972 patients had an onset in 582 locations in 70 countries, with a mean age of onset of 25.6 years. Of the onset locations, 34.0% had at least 1 month below the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production. The age of onset at locations with 1 or more months of less than or equal to the threshold for UVB was 1.66 years younger.

Conclusion: UVB and vitamin D may have an important influence on the development of bipolar disorder. Study limitations included a lack of data on patient vitamin D levels, lifestyles, or supplement use. More study of the impacts of UVB and vitamin D in bipolar disorder is needed to evaluate this supposition.

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Conflict of interest statement

Eric D. Achtyes has served on advisory boards or consulted for Alkermes, Atheneum, Janssen, Karuna, Lundbeck/Otsuka, Roche, Sunovion and Teva. He has received research support from Alkermes, Astellas, Biogen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, InnateVR, Janssen, National Network of Depression Centers, Neurocrine Biosciences, Novartis, Otsuka, Pear Therapeutics, and Takeda. Ole A. Andreassen is a consultant to CorTechs.ai and has received speakers honorarium from Janssen, Lundbeck, and Sunovion. Alessandro Cuomo is /has been a consultant and/or a speaker and/or has received research grants from Angelini, Glaxo Smith Kline, Italfarmaco, Lundbeck, Janssen, Mylan, Neuraxpharm, Otsuka, Pfizer, Recordati, Sanofi Aventis, Viatris. Andrea Fagiolini is /has been a consultant and/or a speaker and/or has received research grants from Angelini, Apsen, Boheringer Ingelheim, Glaxo Smith Kline, Italfarmaco, Lundbeck, Janssen, Mylan, Neuraxpharm,Otsuka, Pfizer, Recordati, Sanofi Aventis, Viatris, Vifor. Lars Vedel Kessing has within the preceeding three years been a consultant for Lundbeck and Teva. Rasmus W. Licht has received research grants from Glaxo Smith Kline, honoraria for lecturing from Pfizer, Glaxo Smith Kline, Eli Lilly, Astra-Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Servier and honoraria from advisory board activity from Glaxo Smith Kline, Eli Lilly, Astra-Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen Cilag, Sunovion and Sage. Richard J. Porter has received research software by SBT-pro, and travel support from Servier and Lundbeck. Andreas Reif has received honoraria for ad boards and talk from Medice, Shire/Takeda, Janssen, LivaNova, Boehringer, SAGE/Biogen, cyclerion and COMPASS. Eduard Vieta has received grants and served as consultant, advisor or CME speaker for the following entities: AB-Biotics, AbbVie, Adamed, Angelini, Biogen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Celon Pharma, Compass, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, Ethypharm, Ferrer, Gedeon Richter, GH Research, Glaxo-Smith Kline, Janssen, Lundbeck, Medincell, Merck, Novartis, Orion Corporation, Organon, Otsuka, Roche, Rovi, Sage, Sanofi-Aventis, Sunovion, Takeda, and Viatris, outside the submitted work. All other authors report no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Total UVB kJ/m²/day by Month for Selected Reference Locations

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Exploratory study of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and age of onset of bipolar disorder

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Exploratory study of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and age of onset of bipolar disorder

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Conflict of interest statement

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References

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