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Observational Study
. 2023 Jun 7:14:1188547.
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1188547. eCollection 2023.

Effect of coffee consumption on thyroid function: NHANES 2007-2012 and Mendelian randomization

Guoxu Zhao  1 , Zhao Wang  2 , Jinli Ji  1 , Rongjun Cui  1
Affiliations
Observational Study

Effect of coffee consumption on thyroid function: NHANES 2007-2012 and Mendelian randomization

Guoxu Zhao et al. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). .

Abstract

Background: Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, but the effects on the thyroid are unknown. This study aims to examine the association between coffee and thyroid function.

Methods: Participant data (≥ 20 years, n = 6578) for the observational study were obtained from NHANES 2007-2012. Analysis was performed using weighted linear regression models and multiple logistic regression models. Genetic datasets for Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism were obtained from the IEU database and contained 462,933 European samples. Mendelian randomization (MR) was used for the analysis, inverse variance weighting (IVW) was the main method of analysis.

Results: In the model adjusted for other covariates, participants who drank 2-4 cups of coffee per day had significantly lower TSH concentrations compared to non-coffee drinkers (b=-0.23, 95% CI: -0.30, -0.16), but no statistically significant changes in TT4, FT4, TT3 and FT3. In addition, participants who drank <2 cups of coffee per day showed a low risk of developing subclinical hypothyroidism. (OR=0.60, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.88) Observational studies and MR studies have demonstrated both that coffee consumption has no effect on the risk of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

Conclusions: Our study showed that drinking <2 cups of coffee per day reduced the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism and drinking 2-4 cups of coffee reduced serum TSH concentrations. In addition, coffee consumption was not associated with the risk of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

Keywords: Mendelian randomization; NHANES; coffee; machine learning; thyroid function.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Figure 1
The line of research for this study.
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