Marine plant mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangrove Rhizophora stylosa: Effect of variable process and their antibacterial activity

Abstract

Background: Most natural plants used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles are limited to marine plants. To carry out applications, colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNps) should have appropriate properties such as homogeneous shapes, small and narrow particle size distribution, and long time stability. This study aims to determine the effects of a variable process of AgNps mediated mangrove Rhizophora stylosa (RS) leaf extract, and antibacterial activity. Methods: Synthesis of AgNps was carried out by stirring silver nitrate solution with aqueous extract. The characterization of AgNps was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) zetasizer and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Evaluation of antibacterial activity was carried out on E scherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Reaction conditions such as the concentration of metal ions (0.001 M, 0.005 M, and 0.01 M), extracts (1%, 3%, and 5% v/v), and the reaction time on the size and stability of nanoparticles were also explored. Results: The UV-Vis spectroscopy showed an absorption of colloidal AgNps in a wavelength range of 403-443 nm. TEM analysis showed that as-synthesized AgNps were spherical in shape with a size range of 5-87 nm. The use of 0.001 M and 0.005 M of Ag ⁺ resulted in a smaller diameter than the synthesized AgNps, using 0.01 M Ag ⁺, in the same extract concentration. The range of zeta potential was -24.9 mV to -27.7 mV. The as-synthesized AgNps were stable for more than one month. The XRD analysis showed four peaks, which were attributed to the face centered cubic crystal structure of metallic silver. The results of the silver nanoparticles synthesis showed good activity on E scherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with an inhibition zone between 4.1-7.2 mm. Conclusions: The AgNps synthesized with RS leaf extract, which is a reducing agent, showed good potential as an antibacterial component.

Keywords: Rhizophora stylosa; antibacterial activity; green synthesis; silver nanoparticles.

Figure 1.. UV-Vis absorption of synthesized Rhizophora stylosa silver nanoparticles (RS-AgNps), stabilization Nps after one month.

The inset shows the laser beam radiation.

Figure 2.. Transmission electron microscope images of Rhizophora stylosa silver nanoparticles (RS-AgNps) and particle size distribution: (a, d) AgNps 0.001M 3% with particle size of 5 nm–70 nm and mean diameter 25 nm, (b, e) AgNps 0.005 M 3%, with particle size of 5 nm–77 nm and mean diameter 22 nm (c, f) AgNps 0.01 M 3%, with particle size of 23 nm–87 nm and mean diameter 45 nm.

Figure 3.. X-ray diffraction of Rhizophora stylosa mediated silver nanoparticles. (*) bio-organic crystallization in the plant extract (Khader et al., 2019).

Figure 4.. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against: a) Escherichia coli and b) Staphylococcus aureus.