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. 2023 May 8:1-31.
doi: 10.1007/s10668-023-03297-8. Online ahead of print.

Effects of transport-carbon intensity, transportation, and economic complexity on environmental and health expenditures

Zahid Hussain  1 , Bihizi Marcel  2 , Abdul Majeed  3 , Raymondo Sandra Marcelline Tsimisaraka  3
Affiliations

Effects of transport-carbon intensity, transportation, and economic complexity on environmental and health expenditures

Zahid Hussain et al. Environ Dev Sustain. .

Abstract

Health and the environment are complex components of the countries, influenced by several factors, especially transport, and economics. Thus, this paper assesses the role of transportation and economic complexity in the environment and public health for the Organization for Economic Co-operation Development (OECD) countries from 2001 to 2020. This study also focuses on the relationship between transport and economic complexity with environmental and healthcare expenditures. Precisely, transport and economic activities stimulate healthcare expenditures through multiple channels. The current study employs the STIRPAT model to investigate the association with transportation, economic complexity, transport-carbon intensity, and healthcare expenditure. Besides, the current research confirms the plausible cross-sectional dependency across countries, and it adopts a second-generation technique. Analytical findings suggest that transportation-carbon intensity is positively and significantly associated with healthcare expenditures. Healthcare and transport-household expenditures increase transport-carbon intensity (TCI) by 75% and 45%, respectively, in the long run. In the contrast, TCI and transport-household expenditures have also a remarkable impact on healthcare expenditures and are estimated approximately 95% in the long run. Moreover, economic growth also upsurges TCI and healthcare expenditures through multiple economic activities. Besides, transport-household expenditures (THE) drastically impact transport-carbon intensity and healthcare expenditures (HEX) through passenger traffic (PTF). Diagnostic upshots unveil that the joint effect of THE and PTF increases TCI and HEX by 4 and 3%, respectively. Finally, findings recommend some policy implications and future research directions for the countries based on empirical outcomes. Countries should regulate economic activities to reduce transport carbon emissions.

Keywords: Common correlated effect mean group; Cross-sectional autoregressive distributive lag; Environmental expenditures; Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development; World Health Organization.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Cumulative CO2 emissions by region (in billion tons). Source: www.statista.com
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Theoretical framework
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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