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. 2023 May 24;12(6):954.
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12060954.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of optrA-Positive- Enterococcus faecalis in Different Reservoirs around Farms in Vietnam

Hoang Thi An Ha  1   2 , Phuong Thi Lan Nguyen  3 , Tran Thi Mai Hung  3 , Le Anh Tuan  3 , Bui Thanh Thuy  3 , Tran Hoang My Lien  3 , Pham Duy Thai  3 , Nguyen Ha Thanh  3 , Vu Thi Ngoc Bich  4 , Tran Hai Anh  1 , Ngo Thi Hong Hanh  3 , Nguyen Thi Minh  3 , Duy Pham Thanh  5 , Si-Nguyen T Mai  5 , Hao Chung The  5 , Nguyen Vu Trung  6 , Nguyen Hoai Thu  7 , Tran Nhu Duong  3 , Dang Duc Anh  3 , Pham Thi Ngoc  8 , Anne-Laure Bañuls  9 , Marc Choisy  5   10 , H Rogier van Doorn  4   10 , Masato Suzuki  11 , Tran Huy Hoang  1   3
Affiliations

Prevalence and Associated Factors of optrA-Positive- Enterococcus faecalis in Different Reservoirs around Farms in Vietnam

Hoang Thi An Ha et al. Antibiotics (Basel). .

Abstract

Linezolid is an antibiotic of last resort for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Enterococcus faecalis, a member of enterococci, is a significant pathogen in nosocomial infections. E. faecalis resistance to linezolid is frequently related to the presence of optrA, which is often co-carried with fex, phenicol exporter genes, and erm genes encoding macrolide resistance. Therefore, the common use of antibiotics in veterinary might promote the occurrence of optrA in livestock settings. This is a cross-sectional study aiming to investigate the prevalence of optrA positive E. faecalis (OPEfs) in 6 reservoirs in farms in Ha Nam province, Vietnam, and its associated factors and to explore genetic relationships of OPEfs isolates. Among 639 collected samples, the prevalence of OPEfs was highest in flies, 46.8% (51/109), followed by chickens 37.3% (72/193), dogs 33.3% (17/51), humans 18.7% (26/139), wastewater 16.4% (11/67) and pigs 11.3%, (14/80). The total feeding area and total livestock unit of the farm were associated with the presence of OPEfs in chickens, flies, and wastewater. Among 186 OPEfs strains, 86% were resistant to linezolid. The presence of optrA was also related to the resistant phenotype against linezolid and levofloxacin of E. faecalis isolates. Close genotypic relationships identified by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis between OPEfs isolates recovered from flies and other reservoirs including chickens, pigs, dogs, and wastewater suggested the role of flies in the transmission of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. These results provided warnings of linezolid resistance although it is not used in livestock.

Keywords: E. faecalis; Vietnam; farms; flies; linezolid resistance; optrA livestock.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Detection of E. faecalis and OptrA-positive E. faecalis in samples.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Detection of OptrA-positive E. faecalis from investigated farms.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Genetic relatedness of the 114 optrA-positive E. faecalis examined, based on the PFGE banding patterns of the isolates. Strain codes and PFGE subtypes are depicted. A total of 19 pulsotypes were identified at 90% similarity, designated as I through XIX. (C: chickens, D: dogs, F: flies, H: humans, P: pigs, W: wastewater).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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