Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs

Abstract

Brachycephalic dogs are not only affected by brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), but are also frequently referred to veterinary dermatologists for skin conditions, with English bulldogs and pugs particularly over-represented. Some skin diseases, such as skin fold dermatitis, are directly associated with the abnormal anatomic conformation of brachycephalic dogs, while for others, such as atopic dermatitis and viral pigmented plaques, there is an underlying genetic basis or a general predisposition. Anatomic alterations associated with brachycephaly, leading to fold formation of the skin and stenosis of the ear canal, together with primary immunodeficiencies described in some breeds, favor the development of pyoderma, Malassezia dermatitis, and otitis externa/media. In addition, the frequently neglected but often lifelong dermatological problems of brachycephalic dogs are an important consideration when discussing genetic and medical conditions affecting the welfare of those dogs. Here we review the current state of knowledge concerning dermatological problems in brachycephalic dogs and combine it with clinical experience in the management of these challenging disorders.

Keywords: BOAS; allergy; brachycephaly; canine; congenital; ethical; immunologic disorders; infectious diseases; otitis externa; skin folds.

Figure 1

French bulldog with severe skin fold dermatitis secondary to excessive skin folds on the face/muzzle that are a direct consequence of extreme brachycephalic conformation. In addition, this dog has chronic skin fold dermatitis associated with excessive folding on the distal limbs.

Figure 2

Chronic otitis externa in a Pug showing erythema, lichenification, crusting and accumulation of keratosebaceous debris.

Figure 3

English Bulldog with seasonal flank alopecia.

Figure 4

Pug with multiple viral plaques caused by Chipapapillomavirus infection.

Figure 5

Atopic French Bulldog with chronic allergic dermatitis, including mild to moderate alopecia, erythema, lichenification, and accumulation of keratosebaceous debris on the pinnae, muzzle, ventral neck, chest, dorsal elbows and paws. Fold formation as a consequence of brachycephaly as well as abnormal wear of the paw pads negatively influence allergic disease.

Figure 6

The six different sinus types of dermoid cysts (refer to text for details); S: skin; ST: Subcutaneous tissue; M: muscle; SL: supraspinous ligament; B: bone; DM: dura mater; SC: spinal cord.