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. 2023 Jun 15;13(12):2071.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13122071.

Fog-Based Smart Cardiovascular Disease Prediction System Powered by Modified Gated Recurrent Unit

A Angel Nancy  1 , Dakshanamoorthy Ravindran  1 , Durai Raj Vincent  2 , Kathiravan Srinivasan  3 , Chuan-Yu Chang  4   5
Affiliations

Fog-Based Smart Cardiovascular Disease Prediction System Powered by Modified Gated Recurrent Unit

A Angel Nancy et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

The ongoing fast-paced technology trend has brought forth ceaseless transformation. In this regard, cloud computing has long proven to be the paramount deliverer of services such as computing power, software, networking, storage, and databases on a pay-per-use basis. The cloud is a big proponent of the internet of things (IoT), furnishing the computation and storage requisite to address internet-of-things applications. With the proliferating IoT devices triggering a continual data upsurge, the cloud-IoT interaction encounters latency, bandwidth, and connectivity restraints. The inclusion of the decentralized and distributed fog computing layer amidst the cloud and IoT layer extends the cloud's processing, storage, and networking services close to end users. This hierarchical edge-fog-cloud model distributes computation and intelligence, yielding optimal solutions while tackling constraints like massive data volume, latency, delay, and security vulnerability. The healthcare domain, warranting time-critical functionalities, can reap benefits from the cloud-fog-IoT interplay. This research paper propounded a fog-assisted smart healthcare system to diagnose heart or cardiovascular disease. It combined a fuzzy inference system (FIS) with the recurrent neural network model's variant of the gated recurrent unit (GRU) for pre-processing and predictive analytics tasks. The proposed system showcases substantially improved performance results, with classification accuracy at 99.125%. With major processing of healthcare data analytics happening at the fog layer, it is observed that the proposed work reveals optimized results concerning delays in terms of latency, response time, and jitter, compared to the cloud. Deep learning models are adept at handling sophisticated tasks, particularly predictive analytics. Time-critical healthcare applications reap benefits from deep learning's exclusive potential to furnish near-perfect results, coupled with the merits of the decentralized fog model, as revealed by the experimental results.

Keywords: Internet of Things; cardiovascular disease; cloud computing; fog computing; gated recurrent unit; healthcare; heart attack; predictive analytics; recurrent neural network.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Standard gated recurrent unit model.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Smart system for heart disease risk prediction.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Modified gated recurrent unit model.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a–e) Accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and F1-score analysis.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Overall performance results of the proposed model.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Confusion matrix of the proposed model.
Figure 7
Figure 7
ROC analysis of the proposed model.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Comparative analysis of latency rate between cloud and fog computing.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Comparative analysis of average response time between cloud and fog computing.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Comparative analysis of network jitter between cloud and fog computing.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Comparative analysis of memory utilization between cloud and fog computing.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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