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. 2023 May 29;14(6):1182.
doi: 10.3390/genes14061182.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Türkiye Bread Wheat Genotypes Revealed by Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Markers

Aras Türkoğlu  1 , Kamil Haliloğlu  2 , Seyyed Abolgahasem Mohammadi  3 , Ali Öztürk  2 , Parisa Bolouri  2 , Güller Özkan  4 , Jan Bocianowski  5 , Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh  6 , Bita Jamshidi  7
Affiliations

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Türkiye Bread Wheat Genotypes Revealed by Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Markers

Aras Türkoğlu et al. Genes (Basel). .

Abstract

Wheat genotypes should be improved through available germplasm genetic diversity to ensure food security. This study investigated the molecular diversity and population structure of a set of Türkiye bread wheat genotypes using 120 microsatellite markers. Based on the results, 651 polymorphic alleles were evaluated to determine genetic diversity and population structure. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 19, with an average of 5.44 alleles per locus. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.031 to 0.915 with a mean of 0.43. In addition, the gene diversity index ranged from 0.03 to 0.92 with an average of 0.46. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.359 with a mean of 0.124. The unbiased expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.319 with an average of 0.112. The mean values of the number of effective alleles (Ne), genetic diversity of Nei (H) and Shannon's information index (I) were estimated at 1.190, 1.049 and 0.168, respectively. The highest genetic diversity (GD) was estimated between genotypes G1 and G27. In the UPGMA dendrogram, the 63 genotypes were grouped into three clusters. The three main coordinates were able to explain 12.64, 6.38 and 4.90% of genetic diversity, respectively. AMOVA revealed diversity within populations at 78% and between populations at 22%. The current populations were found to be highly structured. Model-based cluster analyses classified the 63 genotypes studied into three subpopulations. The values of F-statistic (Fst) for the identified subpopulations were 0.253, 0.330 and 0.244, respectively. In addition, the expected values of heterozygosity (He) for these sub-populations were recorded as 0.45, 0.46 and 0.44, respectively. Therefore, SSR markers can be useful not only in genetic diversity and association analysis of wheat but also in its germplasm for various agronomic traits or mechanisms of tolerance to environmental stresses.

Keywords: SSR; bread wheat; gene diversity; population structure.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Biplot rendered using PCoA analysis for 63 Türkiye bread wheat genotypes based on SSR marker data. Ari: Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute, Bri: Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Research Institute, Cri: Çukurova Agricultural Research Institute, Ear: Eastern Anatolia Region, Eari: Eastern Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute, Car: Central Anatolia Region, Sri: Sakarya Agricultural Research Institute, Fci: Field Crops Central Research Institute, Tri: Trakya Agricultural Research Institute indicate, respectively.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The UPGMA dendrogram shows the grouping of 63 Türkiye bread wheat genotypes based on 120 SSR markers data.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Estimation of number of groups. (a) Plot of ΔK over K (range 2–10), (b) Bar plot grouping of 63 genotypes, (c) Line graphs from the mixture model of Ln P (D) and ∆K.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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