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. 2023 Jun 7;12(12):2295.
doi: 10.3390/foods12122295.

Mycoprotein Production by Submerged Fermentation of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in a Batch Stirred Tank Bioreactor Using Agro-Industrial Hydrolysate

Georgios Bakratsas  1 , Angeliki Polydera  1 , Oskar Nilson  2 , Alexandra V Chatzikonstantinou  1 , Charilaos Xiros  2 , Petros Katapodis  1 , Haralambos Stamatis  1
Affiliations

Mycoprotein Production by Submerged Fermentation of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in a Batch Stirred Tank Bioreactor Using Agro-Industrial Hydrolysate

Georgios Bakratsas et al. Foods. .

Abstract

The demand for cheap, healthy, and sustainable alternative protein sources has turned research interest into microbial proteins. Mycoproteins prevail due to their quite balanced amino acid profile, low carbon footprint and high sustainability potential. The goal of this research was to investigate the capability of Pleurotus ostreatus to metabolize the main sugars of agro-industrial side streams, such as aspen wood chips hydrolysate, to produce high-value protein with low cost. Our results indicate that P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 could be cultivated both in a C-6 (glucose)- and C-5(xylose)-sugar-containing medium for mycoprotein production. A mixture of glucose and xylose was found to be ideal for biomass production with high protein content and rich amino acid profile. P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 cultivation in a 4 L stirred-tank bioreactor using aspen hydrolysate was achieved with 25.0 ± 3.4 g L-1 biomass production, 1.8 ± 0.4 d-1 specific growth rate and a protein yield of 54.5 ± 0.5% (g/100 g sugars). PCA analysis of the amino acids revealed a strong correlation between the amino acid composition of the protein produced and the ratios of glucose and xylose in the culture medium. The production of high-nutrient mycoprotein by submerged fermentation of the edible fungus P. ostreatus using agro-industrial hydrolysates is a promising bioprocess in the food and feed industry.

Keywords: agro-industrial hydrolysate; amino acid metabolism; bioreactors; single-cell protein; submerged cultivation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Growth curves (lines with rhombus symbols), sugars consumption (glucose: line with square symbol, xylose: line with circle symbol) and protein content (triangle symbols) in different time intervals for P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 cultivation on different mixtures of glucose and xylose. (a) 50G0X, (b) 35G15X, (c) 25G25X, (d) 15G35X, (e) 0G50X.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Growth curves (lines with rhombus symbols), sugars consumption (glucose: line with square symbol, xylose: line with circle symbol) and protein content (triangle symbols) in different time intervals for P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 cultivation on different mixtures of glucose and xylose. (a) 50G0X, (b) 35G15X, (c) 25G25X, (d) 15G35X, (e) 0G50X.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Maximum protein yields, biomass yields and specific growth rates (μ) for P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 cultivation on different glucose/xylose mixtures. Different letters indicate a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in Tukey’s multiple range test.
Figure 3
Figure 3
PCA Analysis biplot (combination of scores and loadings plots) for amino acid composition on different glucose/xylose mixtures depicting the corresponding loading (green circles) and scores (orange rhombus) plots that establish the relative importance of each variable (symbols: 50/0 is mixture 50G0X, 0/50 is mixture 0G50X, 35/15 is mixture 35G15X, 25/25 is mixture 25G25X).
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Cultivation of P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 in a 4 L STR bioreactor (Belach Bioteknik, Sweden) using aspen hydrolysate, (b) P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 mycelia photography by an optical microscopy (magnitude 40×), (c) 100× magnitude observation of P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 mycelia.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Growth curves (lines with rhombus symbols), sugar consumption (glucose: line with square symbol, xylose: line with circle symbol) and protein content (triangle symbols) at different time intervals for P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 cultivation on aspen hydrolysate.
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