Bacteriophage Delivery Systems for Food Applications: Opportunities and Perspectives

Abstract

Currently, one-third of all food produced worldwide is wasted or lost, and bacterial contamination is one of the main reasons. Moreover, foodborne diseases are a severe problem, causing more than 420,000 deaths and nearly 600 million illnesses yearly, demanding more attention to food safety. Thus, new solutions need to be explored to tackle these problems. A possible solution for bacterial contamination is using bacteriophages (phages), which are harmless to humans; these natural viruses can be used to prevent or reduce food contamination by foodborne pathogens. In this regard, several studies showed the effectiveness of phages against bacteria. However, when used in their free form, phages can lose infectivity, decreasing the application in foods. To overcome this problem, new delivery systems are being studied to incorporate phages and ensure prolonged activity and controlled release in food systems. This review focuses on the existent and new phage delivery systems applied in the food industry to promote food safety. Initially, an overview of phages, their main advantages, and challenges is presented, followed by the different delivery systems, focused in methodologies, and biomaterials that can be used. In the end, examples of phage applications in foods are disclosed and future perspectives are approached.

Keywords: antibacterial; encapsulation; food contamination; foodborne diseases.

Figure 2

The lytic and lysogenic life cycles of phages. The blue arrows represent the steps to complete a lytic life cycle, and the orange arrows represent the lysogenic. Reprinted with permission from Pinto et al. [43], FEMS Microbiol. Rev., Oxford University Press, 2021.

Figure 1

Examples of microbial control methods used in the food industry.

Figure 3

Antibacterial process of chitosan film containing liposome-encapsulated phages against E. coli O157:H7. Reprinted with permission from Cui et al. [101], Carbohydrate Polymers, Elsevier, 2017.