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. 2023 Jun 28;6(6):CD013820.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013820.pub2.

Social network interventions to support cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention in the management of people with heart disease

Carrie Purcell #  1 , Grace Dibben #  2 , Michele Hilton Boon  3 , Lynsay Matthews  4 , Victoria J Palmer  2 , Meigan Thomson  2 , Susie Smillie  5 , Sharon A Simpson  2 , Rod S Taylor  2   6
Affiliations

Social network interventions to support cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention in the management of people with heart disease

Carrie Purcell et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVD, that is, coronary heart (CHD) and circulatory diseases combined) contribute to 31% of all deaths, more than any other cause. In line with guidance in the UK and globally, cardiac rehabilitation programmes are widely offered to people with heart disease, and include psychosocial, educational, health behaviour change, and risk management components. Social support and social network interventions have potential to improve outcomes of these programmes, but whether and how these interventions work is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of social network and social support interventions to support cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention in the management of people with heart disease. The comparator was usual care with no element of social support (i.e. secondary prevention alone or with cardiac rehabilitation). SEARCH METHODS: We undertook a systematic search of the following databases on 9 August 2022: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and the Web of Science. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO ICTRP. We reviewed the reference lists of relevant systematic reviews and included primary studies, and we contacted experts to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of social network or social support interventions for people with heart disease. We included studies regardless of their duration of follow-up, and included those reported as full text, published as abstract only, and unpublished data.

Data collection and analysis: Using Covidence, two review authors independently screened all identified titles. We retrieved full-text study reports and publications marked 'included', and two review authors independently screened these, and conducted data extraction. Two authors independently assessed risk of bias, and assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular-related mortality, all-cause hospital admission, cardiovascular-related hospital admission, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measured at > 12 months follow-up. MAIN RESULTS: We included 54 RCTs (126 publications) reporting data for a total of 11,445 people with heart disease. The median follow-up was seven months and median sample size was 96 participants. Of included study participants, 6414 (56%) were male, and the mean age ranged from 48.6 to 76.3 years. Studies included heart failure (41%), mixed cardiac disease (31%), post-myocardial infarction (13%), post-revascularisation (7%), CHD (7%), and cardiac X syndrome (1%) patients. The median intervention duration was 12 weeks. We identified notable diversity in social network and social support interventions, across what was delivered, how, and by whom. We assessed risk of bias (RoB) in primary outcomes at > 12 months follow-up as either 'low' (2/15 studies), 'some concerns' (11/15), or 'high' (2/15). 'Some concerns' or 'high' RoB resulted from insufficient detail on blinding of outcome assessors, data missingness, and absence of pre-agreed statistical analysis plans. In particular, HRQoL outcomes were at high RoB. Using the GRADE method, we assessed the certainty of evidence as low or very low across outcomes. Social network or social support interventions had no clear effect on all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49 to 1.13, I2 = 40%) or cardiovascular-related mortality (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.10, I2 = 0%) at > 12 months follow-up. The evidence suggests that social network or social support interventions for heart disease may result in little to no difference in all-cause hospital admission (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.22, I2 = 0%), or cardiovascular-related hospital admission (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.10, I2 = 16%), with a low level of certainty. The evidence was very uncertain regarding the impact of social network interventions on HRQoL at > 12 months follow-up (SF-36 physical component score: mean difference (MD) 31.53, 95% CI -28.65 to 91.71, I2 = 100%, 2 trials/comparisons, 166 participants; mental component score MD 30.62, 95% CI -33.88 to 95.13, I2 = 100%, 2 trials/comparisons, 166 participants). Regarding secondary outcomes, there may be a decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure with social network or social support interventions. There was no evidence of impact found on psychological well-being, smoking, cholesterol, myocardial infarction, revascularisation, return to work/education, social isolation or connectedness, patient satisfaction, or adverse events. Results of meta-regression did not suggest that the intervention effect was related to risk of bias, intervention type, duration, setting, and delivery mode, population type, study location, participant age, or percentage of male participants. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found no strong evidence for the effectiveness of such interventions, although modest effects were identified in relation to blood pressure. While the data presented in this review are indicative of potential for positive effects, the review also highlights the lack of sufficient evidence to conclusively support such interventions for people with heart disease. Further high-quality, well-reported RCTs are required to fully explore the potential of social support interventions in this context. Future reporting of social network and social support interventions for people with heart disease needs to be significantly clearer, and more effectively theorised, in order to ascertain causal pathways and effect on outcomes.

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Conflict of interest statement

SCP: none known.

GD: none known.

MHB: is a methods editor for Cochrane Public Health and was the principal investigator (September 2021 to April 2022) on a project funded by Cochrane relating to methods for reviews that include non‐randomised studies. The methods developed and assessed within the project were not applied (or applicable) in this review.

LM: none known.

VJP: none known.

SS: none known.

MT: none known.

SAS: none known.

RST: none known.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow diagram of study selection process
2
2
Risk of bias assessments
3
3
Funnel plot for all‐cause mortality (short‐term follow‐up ≤ 12 months)
4
4
Forest plot for all‐cause hospitalisation (number of events)
5
5
Forest plot for cardiovascular hospitalisation (number of events)
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality (≤ 12 months follow‐up)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 2: All‐cause mortality (> 12 months follow‐up)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 3: Cardiovascular‐related mortality (≤ 12 months follow‐up)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 4: Cardiovascular‐related mortality (> 12 months follow‐up)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 5: All‐cause hospital admission (number of participants with at least one event, ≤ 12 months follow‐up)
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 6: All‐cause hospital admission (number of participants with at least one event, > 12 months follow‐up)
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 7: Cardiovascular‐related hospital admission (number of participants with at least one event, ≤ 12 month follow‐up)
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 8: Cardiovascular‐related hospital admission (number of participants with at least one event, > 12 months follow‐up)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 9: HRQoL ‐ SF‐36 (component scores, ≤ 12 months follow‐up)
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 10: HRQoL ‐ SF‐36 (component scores, > 12 months follow‐up)
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 11: HRQoL ‐ SF‐36 (domain scores, longest follow‐up)
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 12: HRQoL ‐ MLHFQ (≤ 12 months follow‐up)
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 13: HRQoL ‐ KCCQ (≤ 12 months follow‐up)
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 14: Psychological well‐being ‐ HADS (≤ 12 months follow‐up)
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 15: Psychological well‐being ‐ BDI/BDI‐II (longest follow‐up)
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 16: Psychological well‐being ‐ PHQ‐9 (≤ 12 months follow‐up)
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 17: Psychological well‐being ‐ State anxiety (≤ 12 months follow‐up)
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 18: Blood pressure (longest follow‐up)
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 19: Total cholesterol (longest follow‐up)
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 20: LDL cholesterol (longest follow‐up)
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 21: HDL cholesterol (longest follow‐up)
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 22: Myocardial infarction (number of participants with at least one event, longest follow‐up)
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1: Social network intervention vs comparator, Outcome 23: Social support and connectedness ‐ ESSI (longest follow‐up)
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Update of

References

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Piette 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT00555360. Enhancing Caregiver Support for Heart Failure Patients: the CarePartner Study. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00555360 2007.
    1. Piette JD, Striplin D, Marinec N, Chen J, Aikens JE. A randomized trial of mobile health support for heart failure patients and their informal caregivers: impacts on caregiver-reported outcomes. Medical Care 2015;53(8):692-9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Piette JD, Striplin D, Marinec N, Chen J, Trivedi RB, Aron DC, et al. A mobile health intervention supporting heart failure patients and their informal caregivers: a randomized comparative effectiveness trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2015;17(6):e142. - PMC - PubMed
Pischke 2008 {published data only}
    1. Pischke CR, Scherwitz L, Weidner G, Ornish D. Long-term effects of lifestyle changes on well-being and cardiac variables among coronary heart disease patients. Health Psychology 2008;27(5):584-92. - PubMed
Powell 2008 {published data only}
    1. NCT00018005. A self-management intervention for mild to moderate heart failure. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00018005 2001.
    1. Powell LH, Calvin Jr JE, Mendes de Leon CF, Richardson D, Grady KL, Flynn K J, et al. The Heart Failure Adherence and Retention Trial (HART): design and rationale. American Heart Journal 2008;156(3):452-60. - PMC - PubMed
Pozehl 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bills SE, Pozehl BJ, Kupzyk K, Alonso W, Normal JF. Heart camp: long-term outcomes on physical function and symptoms in patients with heart failure. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal 2013;31(1):e8.
    1. NCT01658670. HEART Camp: promoting adherence to exercise in patients with heart failure. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01658670 2012.
    1. Pozehl B, McGuire R, Duncan K, Kupzyk K, Norman J, Artinian N, et al. Effects of the HEART camp intervention on adherence to exercise in patients with heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2017;23(8):S88‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pozehl BJ, Duncan K, Hertzog M, McGuire R, Norman JF, Artinian NT, et al. Study of adherence to exercise in heart failure: the HEART camp trial protocol. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2014;14:172. - PMC - PubMed
Reddy 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02480530. Using feedback reports to improve medication adherence. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02480530 2015.
    1. Reddy A, Huseman T, Canamucio A, Marcus SC, Asch DA, Volpp KG, et al. Evaluating individual feedback and partner feedback to improve statin medication adherence. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2016;31(2):S213. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Reddy A, Huseman TL, Canamucio A, Marcus SC, Asch DA, Volpp K, et al. Patient and partner feedback reports to improve statin medication adherence: a randomized control trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2017;32(3):256-61. - PMC - PubMed
Riegel 2004 {published data only}
    1. Riegel B, Carlson B. Is individual peer support a promising intervention for persons with heart failure? Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2004;19(3):174-83. - PubMed
Shahriari 2013 {published data only}
    1. Shahriari M, Ahmadi M, Babaee S, Mehrabi T, Sadeghi M. Effects of a family support program on self-care behaviors in patients with congestive heart failure. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 2013;18(2):152-7. - PMC - PubMed
Sher 2002 {published data only}
    1. Sher TG, Bellg AJ, Braun L, Domas A, Rosenson R, Canar WJ. Partners for Life: a theoretical approach to developing an intervention for cardiac risk reduction. Health Education Research 2002;17(5):597-605. - PubMed
Shojaefar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Irct20160914029817N. The effect of family-centered interactive education through internal social network on lifestyle and happiness in patients with acute coronary syndrome. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20160914029817N7 2018.
    1. Shojaefar F, Dahesh T, Nouhi E. The effect of family-centered interactive education using social networks on the lifestyle of patients with acute coronary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial (Pre-print). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-28793/v1 2020.
Smeulders 2010 {published data only}
    1. Smeulders ESTF, Haastregt JCM, Ambergen T, Uszko-Lencer NHKM, Janssen-Boyne JJJ, Gorgels APM, et al. Nurse-led self-management group programme for patients with congestive heart failure: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2010;66(7):1487-99. - PubMed
Srisuk 2017 {published data only}
    1. Srisuk N, Cameron J, Ski CF, Thompson DR. Randomized controlled trial of family-based education for patients with heart failure and their carers. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2017;73(4):857-70. - PubMed
    1. Srisuk N, Cameron J, Ski CF, Thompson DR. Trial of a family-based education program for heart failure patients in rural Thailand. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2014;14:173. - PMC - PubMed
    1. TCTR20210203003. Trial of a family-based education program on health outcomes of patients and their caregivers in Thailand. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=TCTR20210203003 2021.
Toobert 1998 {published data only}
    1. Toobert DJ, Glasgow RE, Nettekoven LA, Brown JE. Behavioral and psychosocial effects of intensive lifestyle management for women with coronary heart disease. Patient Education and Counseling 1998;35(3):177-88. - PubMed
    1. Toobert DJ, Glasgow RE, Radcliffe JL. Physiologic and related behavioral outcomes from the Women's Lifestyle Heart Trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2000;22(1):1-9. - PubMed
Turner 2014 {published data only}
    1. Turner A, Murphy BM, Higgins RO, Elliott PC, Le Grande MR, Goble AJ, et al. An integrated secondary prevention group programme reduces depression in cardiac patients. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2014;21(2):153-62. - PubMed
Vahedian‐Azimi 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02402582. Effect of family-centered empowerment model. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02402582 2015.
    1. Vahedian-Azimi A, Miller AC, Hajiesmaieli M, Kangasniemi M, Alhani F, Jelvehmoghaddam H, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation using the Family-Centered Empowerment Model versus home-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarction: a randomised controlled trial. Open heart 2016;3(1):e000349. - PMC - PubMed
Vellone 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT02894502. MOTIVATional intErviewing to Improve Self-care in Heart Failure Patients. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02894502 2016.
    1. Rebora P, Spedale V, Occhino G, Luciani M, Alvaro R, Vellone E, et al. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing on anxiety, depression, sleep quality and quality of life in heart failure patients: secondary analysis of the MOTIVATE-HF randomized controlled trial. Quality of Life Research 2021;30(7):1939-49. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vellone E, Paturzo M, D'Agostino F, Petruzzo A, Masci S, Ausili D, et al. MOTIVATional intErviewing to improve self-care in Heart Failure patients (MOTIVATE-HF): Study protocol of a three-arm multicenter randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2017;55:34-8. - PubMed
    1. Vellone E, Rebora P, Ausili D, Zeffiro V, Pucciarelli G, Caggianelli G, et al. Motivational interviewing to improve self-care in heart failure patients (MOTIVATE-HF): a randomized controlled trial. ESC Heart Failure 2020;7(3):1309-18. - PMC - PubMed
Volpp 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT01800201. Automated hovering to improve medication adherence among myocardial infarction patients (Heartstrong). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01800201 2013.
    1. Troxel AB, Asch DA, Mehta SJ, Norton L, Taylor D, Calderon TA, et al. Rationale and design of a randomized trial of automated hovering for post-myocardial infarction patients: The HeartStrong program. American Heart Journal 2016;179:166-74. - PubMed
    1. Volpp KG, Troxel AB, Mehta SJ, Norton L, Zhu J, Lim R, et al. Effect of electronic reminders, financial incentives, and social support on outcomes after myocardial infarction: the heartstrong randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2017;177(8):1093-101. - PMC - PubMed
Wu 2019 {published data only}
    1. Wu J-R, Mark B, Knafl GJ, Dunbar SB, Chang PP, DeWalt DA. A multi-component, family-focused and literacy-sensitive intervention to improve medication adherence in patients with heart failure - a randomized controlled trial. Heart & Lung 2019;48(6):507-14. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wu JR, Mark B. A family-focused and literacy-sensitive intervention to improve medication adherence in patients with heart failure. Circulation 2016;134:Suppl 1. - PMC - PubMed
Yeh 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yeh G, Chan C, Wayne P, Conboy L. The impact of a Tai Chi exercise program on patients with chronic heart failure: qualitative analysis from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2014;20(5):A69‐70.
    1. Yeh GY, Mu L, Davis RB, Wayne PM. Correlates of exercise self-efficacy in a randomized trial of mind-body exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 2016;36(3):186-94. - PMC - PubMed
Yehle 2009 {published data only}
    1. Yehle KS, Sands LP, Rhynders PA, Newton GD. The effect of shared medical visits on knowledge and self-care in patients with heart failure: a pilot study. Heart & Lung 2009;38(1):25-33. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

ACTRN12614000284662 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12614000284662. The Central Australian Heart Protection Study: a randomised trial of nurse-led, family based secondary prevention of acute coronary syndromes. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12614000284662 2014.
ACTRN12616000661471 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12616000661471. MEDication reminder APPs to improve medication adherence in Coronary Heart Disease (MedApp-CHD) Study. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12616000661471 2016. - PMC - PubMed
ACTRN12618001669280 {published data only}
    1. Actrn. A group cardiac rehabilitation program tailored for women. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=1261... 2018.
Adriana 2012 {published data only}
    1. Adriana R, Christian P, Vincenzo P, Silvia S, Cinzia C, Diego I, et al. One-year follow-up results from the randomised study STEP IN AMI (Short Term Psychotherapy In Acute Myocardial Infarction). European Journal of Integrative Medicine 2012;4:58‐9.
Agren 2012 {published data only}
    1. Agren S, Evangelista LS, Hjelm C, Stromberg A. Dyads affected by chronic heart failure: a randomized study evaluating effects of education and psychosocial support to patients with heart failure and their partners. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2012;18(5):359-66. - PMC - PubMed
Agren 2013 {published data only}
    1. Agren S, Evangelista LS, Davidson T, Stromberg A. Cost-effectiveness of a nurse-led education and psychosocial programme for patients with chronic heart failure and their partners. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2013;22(15-16):2347-53. - PMC - PubMed
Agren 2015 {published data only}
    1. Agren S, Berg S, Svedjeholm R, Stromberg A. Psychoeducational support to post cardiac surgery heart failure patients and their partners--a randomised pilot study. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing 2015;31(1):10-8. - PubMed
Akhondzadeh 2018 {published data only}
    1. Akhondzadeh K, Ghezeljeh TN, Haghani H. The effect of the education program on the adherence intention to the dietary sodium restriction and the amount of sodium intake in patients with chronic heart failure. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2018;20(S1):e12925.
Ali‐Faisal 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ali-Faisal SF, Benz SL, Johnston L, Grace SL. Cardiac rehabilitation referral and enrolment across an academic health sciences centre with eReferral and peer navigation: a randomised controlled pilot trial. BMJ Open 2016;6(3):e010214. - PMC - PubMed
Allan 1998 {published data only}
    1. Allan R, Scheidt S. Group psychotherapy for patients with coronary heart disease. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 1998;48(2):187-214. - PubMed
Anonymous 2002 {published data only}
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Arestedt 2011 {published data only}
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Auld 2020 {published data only}
    1. Auld JP, Thompson EA, Dougherty CM. Social cognitive intervention following an initial implantable cardioverter defibrillator: better treatment response for secondary versus primary prevention. PACE - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 2020;43(9):974-82. - PMC - PubMed
Bagheri 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bagheri H, Memarian R, Alhani F. Evaluation of the effect of group counselling on post myocardial infarction patients: determined by an analysis of quality of life. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2007;16(2):402-6. - PubMed
Barlow 2009 {published data only}
    1. Barlow JH, Turner AP, Gilchrist M. A randomised controlled trial of lay-led self-management for myocardial infarction patients who have completed cardiac rehabilitation. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2009;8(4):293-301. - PubMed
Bekke‐Hansen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bekke-Hansen S, Trockel M, Burg MM, Taylor CB. Depressive symptom dimensions and cardiac prognosis following myocardial infarction: results from the ENRICHD clinical trial. Psychological Medicine 2012;42(1):51-60. - PubMed
Bengtsson 1983 {published data only}
    1. Bengtsson K. Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. A controlled study. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1983;15(1):1-9. - PubMed
Bernal‐Ceballos 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bernal-Ceballos F, Orea-Tejeda A, Castillo-Martiez L, Lozada-Mellado M, Vaquero-Barbosa N, Lozano-Cruz O, et al. Educative intervention to reduce consumption of sodium in patients with heart failure and their caregivers. European Journal of Heart Failure 2015;17:395.
Binaei 2016 {published data only}
    1. Binaei N, Moeini M, Sadeghi M, Najafi M, Mohagheghian Z. Effects of hope promoting interventions based on religious beliefs on quality of life of patients with congestive heart failure and their families. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 2016;21(1):77-83. - PMC - PubMed
Bishop 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bishop GD, Kaur D, Tan VLM, Chua YL, Liew SM, Mak KH. Effects of a psychosocial skills training workshop on psychophysiological and psychosocial risk in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. American Heart Journal 2005;150(3):602-9. - PubMed
Blumenthal 1997 {published data only}
    1. Blumenthal JA, O'Connor C, Hinderliter A, Fath K, Hegde SB, Miller G, et al. Psychosocial factors and coronary disease. A national multicenter clinical trial (ENRICHD) with a North Carolina focus. North Carolina Medical Journal 1997;58(6):440-4. - PubMed
Blumenthal 2007 {published data only}
    1. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Ironson G, Thoresen C, Powell L, Czajkowski S, et al. Spirituality, religion, and clinical outcomes in patients recovering from an acute myocardial infarction. Psychosomatic Medicine 2007;69(6):501‐8. - PubMed
Borhani 2012 {published data only}
    1. Borhani F, Khoshab H, Abbaszadeh A, Rashidinejad H, Mohammadi E. Study of the effect of partnership care model on the quality of life in patients with heart failure. Iranian Journal of Critical Care Nursing 2012;5(1):43‐9.
Broadbent 2009 {published data only}
    1. Broadbent E, Ellis CJ, Thomas J, Gamble G, Petrie KJ. Further development of an illness perception intervention for myocardial infarction patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2009;67(1):17-23. - PubMed
Brouwers 2017 {published data only}
    1. Brouwers RWM, Kraal JJ, Traa SCJ, Spee RF, Oostveen LMLC, Kemps HMC. Effects of cardiac telerehabilitation in patients with coronary artery disease using a personalised patient-centred web application: protocol for the SmartCare-CAD randomised controlled trial. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2017;17(1):46. - PMC - PubMed
Brown 1993 {published data only}
    1. Brown MA, Munford AM, Munford PR. Behavior therapy of psychological distress in patients after myocardial infarction or coronary bypass. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1993;13(3):201-10.
Cameron 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cameron J, Rendell PG, Ski CF, Kure CE, McLennan SN, Rose NS, et al. PROspective MEmory Training to improve HEart failUre Self-care (PROMETHEUS): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:196. - PMC - PubMed
Carney 2004 {published data only}
    1. Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Freedland KE, Youngblood M, Veith RC, Burg MM, et al. Depression and late mortality after myocardial infarction in the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) study. Psychosomatic Medicine 2004;66(4):466-74. - PubMed
Chattopadhyay 2019 {published data only}
    1. Chattopadhyay K, Chandrasekaran AM, Praveen PA, Manchanda SC, Madan K, Ajay VS, et al. Development of a Yoga-based Cardiac Rehabilitation (Yoga-CaRe) programme for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019;2019:7470184. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2021 {published data only}
    1. Chen Y-H, Wang P-C, Ko Y-L, Wang H-L. Effects of motivational interview and mobile social network support on smoking cessation in male patients with coronary heart disease. Hu Li Za Zhi [The Journal of Nursing] 2021;68(2):53-64. - PubMed
ChiCTR1800015728 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800015728. Main study: effects of a group- plus home-based tai chi program on improving physical function and psychosocial well-being in patients with coronary heart disease. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1800015728 2018.
ChiCTR1800016096 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800016096. Effects of a group- plus home-based tai chi program on improving physical function and psychosocial well-being in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1800016096 2018.
ChiCTR‐IIC‐17013986 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-IIC-17013986. Effects of a group- plus home-based tai chi program on improving physical function and psychosocial well-being in patients with coronary heart disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-IIC-17013986 2017.
ChiCTR‐INR‐16009598 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-INR-16009598. SMARTphone-based Home Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention in Chinese Coronary Heart Disease Patients (SMART-CR/SP): a randomized controlled trial. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-INR-16009598 2016.
ChiCTR‐TRC‐14004972 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-TRC-14004972. Outcomes and intervention study on family caregiver of patients with heart failure. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-TRC-14004972 2014.
Christie 1988 {published data only}
    1. Christie D, Logan R, Lake J, Dutch J. Patient and spouse responses to education early after myocardial infarction. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1988;32(3):321-25. - PubMed
Chung 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chung ML, Moser DK, Lennie TA. Feasibility of family sodium watcher program to improve adherence to low sodium diet in patients with heart failure and caregivers. In: Circulation. Vol. 130. 2014.
Chung 2014a {published data only}
    1. Chung ML, Lennie TA, Moser DK. The feasibility of the family cognitive educational intervention to improve depressive symptoms and quality of life in patients with heart failure and their family caregivers. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2014;20(8):S52.
Clark 2016 {published data only}
    1. Clark AM, Wiens KS, Banner D, Kryworuchko J, Thirsk L, McLean L, et al. A systematic review of the main mechanisms of heart failure disease management interventions. Heart 2016;102(9):707-11. - PubMed
Clements 2018 {published data only}
    1. Clements L, Moser DK, Lennie TA, Frazier SK, Chung ML. Improvement of heart failure self-care and patient readmission with caregiver education. In: Circulation. Vol. 138. 2018. - PubMed
Cockayne 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cockayne S, Pattenden J, Worthy G, Richardson G, Lewin R. Nurse facilitated Self-management support for people with heart failure and their family carers (SEMAPHFOR): a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2014;51(9):1207-13. - PubMed
Cole 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cole JA, Smith SM, Hart N, Cupples ME. Do practitioners and friends support patients with coronary heart disease in lifestyle change? A qualitative study. BMC Family Practice 2013;14:10. - PMC - PubMed
Compare 2013 {published data only}
    1. Compare A, Zarbo C, Manzoni GM, Castelnuovo G, Baldassari E, Bonardi A, et al. Social support, depression, and heart disease: a ten year literature review. Frontiers in Psychology 2013;4:7. - PMC - PubMed
Cowan 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cowan MJ, Freedland KE, Burg MM, Saab PG, Youngblood ME, Cornell CE, et al. Predictors of treatment response for depression and inadequate social support--the ENRICHD randomized clinical trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2008;77(1):27-37. - PubMed
Davidson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Davidson P, Digiacomo M, Zecchin R, Clarke M, Paul G, Lamb K, et al. A cardiac rehabilitation program to improve psychosocial outcomes of women with heart disease. Journal of Women's Health 2008;17(1):123-34. - PubMed
Demers 2014 {published data only}
    1. Demers C, Patterson C, Archer N, Coallier J, Strachan P, Keshavjee K, et al. A simple multi-component intervention improves self management in heart failure. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2014;30(10 Suppl 1):S201.
Dickens 2010 {published data only}
    1. Dickens C, Cherrington A, Garrett C, Bower P, Bundy C, Gask L, et al. Characteristics of psychosocial interventions that improve depression in people with coronary heart disease: a systematic review with meta-regression. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2010;68(6):619. - PubMed
Dorje 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dorje T, Zhao G, Scheer A, Tsokey L, Wang J, Chen Y, et al. SMARTphone and social media-based Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention (SMART-CR/SP) for patients with coronary heart disease in China: a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open 2018;8(6):e021908. - PMC - PubMed
Dorje 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dorje T, Zhao G, Tso K, Wang J, Chen Y, Tsokey L, et al. Smartphone and social media-based cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention in China (SMART-CR/SP): a parallel-group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. Digital health 2019;1(7):e363-74. - PubMed
Doughty 2002 {published data only}
    1. Doughty RN, Wright SP, Pearl A, Walsh HJ, Muncaster S, Whalley GA, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of integrated heart failure management: The Auckland Heart Failure Management Study. European Heart Journal 2002;23(2):139-46. - PubMed
Dracup 1984 {published data only}
    1. Dracup K, Meleis AI, Clark S, Clyburn A, Shields L, Staley M. Group counseling in cardiac rehabilitation: effect on patient compliance. Patient Education and Counseling 1984;6(4):169-77. - PubMed
Dracup 1985 {published data only}
    1. Dracup K. A controlled trial of couples group counseling in cardiac rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1985;5(9):436‐42.
Duff 2017 {published data only}
    1. Duff OM, Walsh DMJ, Furlong BA, O'Connor NE, Moran KA, Woods CB. Behavior change techniques in physical activity ehealth interventions for people with cardiovascular disease: systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2017;19(8):12. - PMC - PubMed
Durant 2013 {published data only}
    1. Durant RW, Brown QL, Cherrington AL, Andreae LJ, Hardy CM, Scarinci IC. Social support among African Americans with heart failure: is there a role for community health advisors? Heart Lung 2013;42(1):19-25. - PMC - PubMed
Elderen 1994 {published data only}
    1. Elderen TV, Maes S, Seegers G, Kragten H, Wely LR-V. Effects of a post-hospitalization group health education programme for patients with coronary heart disease. Psychology & Health 1994;9(4):317-30. - PubMed
Engblom 1992 {published data only}
    1. Engblom E, Hamalainen H, Lind J, Mattlar CE, Ollila S, Kallio V, et al. Quality of life during rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Quality of Life Research 1992;1(3):167-75. - PubMed
Euctr 2010 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2009-012451-18-NL. EUROACTION PLUS: intensive smoking intervention (Varenicline) during a preventive cardiology programme for patients with established atherosclerotic disease, people at high cariovascular risk and their families - EUROACTION PLUS INTENSIVE SMOKING INTERVEN. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2009-012451-18-NL 2010.
Fletcher 1987 {published data only}
    1. Fletcher V. An individualized teaching programme following primary uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1987;12(2):195-200. - PubMed
Flint 2018 {published data only}
    1. Flint K, Johnson RA, Bekelman D. Informal (family) caregiver outcomes from a symptom and psychosocial collaborative care intervention in patients with heart failure: a randomized clinical trial. In: Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. Vol. 11. 2018.
Furze 2012 {published data only}
    1. Furze G, Cox H, Morton V, Chuang L-H, Lewin RJP, Nelson P, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a lay-facilitated angina management programme. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2012;68(10):2267-79. - PMC - PubMed
Garcia‐Lizana 2007 {published data only}
    1. Garcia-Lizana F, Sarria-Santamera A. New technologies for chronic disease management and control: a systematic review. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2007;13(2):62-8. - PubMed
Ghajar 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ghajar A, Esmaeili R, Yazdani-Charati J, Ashrafi Z, Mazdarani S, Gorji MAH. Effect of family-centered education on hope in patients with heart failure. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2018;28(166):71-80.
Golaghaie 2019 {published data only}
    1. Golaghaie F, Esmaeili-Kalantari S, Sarzaeem M, Rafiei F. Adherence to lifestyle changes after coronary artery bypass graft: outcome of preoperative peer education. Patient Education and Counseling 2019;102(12):2231-7. - PubMed
Graven 2018 {published data only}
    1. Graven LJ, Gordon G, Keltner J Grant, Abbott L, Bahorski J. Efficacy of a social support and problem-solving intervention on heart failure self-care: a pilot study. Patient Education and Counseling 2018;101(2):266-75. - PubMed
Grossmann 2008 {published data only}
    1. Grossmann FF, Mahrer-Imhof R. Impact of patient education on self-care behaviour in patients with heart failure: a review of the literature. Pflege 2008;21(2):104‐13. - PubMed
Hartford 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hartford K, Wong C Zakaria D. Randomized controlled trial of a telephone intervention by nurses to provide information and support to patients and their partners after elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery: effects of anxiety. Heart & Lung 2002;31(3):199-206. - PubMed
Hasanpour‐Dehkordi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hasanpour-Dehkordi A, Khaledi-Far A, Khaledi-Far B, Salehi-Tali S. The effect of family training and support on the quality of life and cost of hospital readmissions in congestive heart failure patients in Iran. Applied Nursing Research 2016;31:165-9. - PubMed
Heron 2016 {published data only}
    1. Heron N, Kee F, Donnelly M, Cardwell C, Tully MA, Cupples ME. Behaviour change techniques in home-based cardiac rehabilitation: A systematic review. British Journal of General Practice 2016;66(651):e747-57. - PMC - PubMed
Hooker 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hooker SA, Schmiege SJ, Trivedi RB, Amoyal NR, Bekelman DB. Mutuality and heart failure self-care in patients and their informal caregivers. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2018;17(2):102-13. - PMC - PubMed
Hui 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hui E, Yang H, Chan LS, Or K, Lee DTF, Yu CM, et al. A community model of group rehabilitation for older patients with chronic heart failure: a pilot study. Disability and Rehabilitation 2006;28(23):1491-7. - PubMed
Irct138902173850N 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT138902173850N2. The effect of the implementation of family-centered empowerment model on the quality of life in patients with heart failure. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT138902173850N2 2017.
Irct201104276314N 2011 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201104276314N1. Family_Center Empowerment Model and treatment regime adherence. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201104276314N1 2011.
Irct201105146481N 2011 {published data only}
    1. Irct201105146481N. Effect of family centered care program on anxiety of patients with cardiac disease. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201105146481N1 2011.
Irct201105306634N 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irct201105306634N. The effect on elderly patients with heart failure. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201105306634N1 2015.
Irct201107041464N 2012 {published data only}
    1. Irct201107041464N. The effect of education on Self-Care behaviors & readmission of patients with heart failure. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201107041464N4 2012.
Irct201111188124N 2014 {published data only}
    1. Irct201111188124N. Cardiac education program for patients with myocardial infarction. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201111188124N1 2014.
Irct2012113011616N 2013 {published data only}
    1. Irct2012113011616N. Effect of educational exercise intervention on heart failure. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2012113011616N1 2013.
Irct2012120811697N 2013 {published data only}
    1. Irct2012120811697N. The cardiac rehabilitation effects on quality of life after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2012120811697N1 2013.
Irct2013012612279N 2013 {published data only}
    1. Irct2013012612279N. Continuous care and educational intervention and treatment costs and quality of life in heart failure patients. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2013012612279N1 2013.
Irct2013021212452N 2013 {published data only}
    1. Irct2013021212452N. Designing and implementation of interventional program based on family caregiver needs of congestive heart failure patients: a mixed methods study. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2013021212452N1 2013.
Irct2013062213743N 2013 {published data only}
    1. Irct2013062213743N. Effect on quality of life in patients with heart failure. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2013062213743N1 2013.
Irct201307162621N 2014 {published data only}
    1. Irct201307162621N. The effect of education on coronary artery bypass grafting patients. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201307162621N13 2014.
Irct2013072214110N 2013 {published data only}
    1. Irct2013072214110N. The effect of Peplau’s model on anxiety and depression of candidate patients for coronary artery bypass. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2013072214110N1 2013.
Irct2014051717727N 2014 {published data only}
    1. Irct2014051717727N. Effect of education and follow up on readmission for the heart failure patients after discharge. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014051717727N1 2014.
Irct201406154443N 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irct201406154443N. Self-management program in patients with mechanical heart valve. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201406154443N13 2015.
Irct2014072018468N 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irct2014072018468N. Effect of family-centered empowerment model on life style and illness perception of patients with heart failure. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014072018468N3 2015.
Irct2014072118552N 2014 {published data only}
    1. Irct2014072118552N. The effect of self care needs education on quality of life of patients with heart failure and their carers. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014072118552N1 2014.
Irct2014091319146N 2014 {published data only}
    1. Irct2014091319146N. The effects of group training with teach back method with and without telephone follow-up on quality of life and hospital readmission of patients with heart failure. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014091319146N1 2014.
Irct2014100619413N 2014 {published data only}
    1. Irct2014100619413N. Effects of hope promoting interventions on quality of lif of CHF patients. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014100619413N1 2014.
Irct2014112813092N 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irct2014112813092N. Effect of self management empowerment model on social support receiving and sense of coherence among elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014112813092N5 2015.
Irct2014121413156N 2016 {published data only}
    1. Irct2014121413156N. The impact of family-based education on the hope of heart failure patients. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014121413156N10 2016.
Irct2015020320940N 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irct2015020320940N. The effect of education to patient and family on self care and rehospitalization. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015020320940N1 2015.
Irct2015031117873N 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irct2015031117873N. The effect of family education on myocardial infarction patients. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015031117873N3 2015.
Irct2015032021521N 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irct2015032021521N. Effect of self-management education on quality of life. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015032021521N1 2015.
Irct201504304443N 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irct201504304443N. The effect of self-management program on ischemic heart disease. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201504304443N19 2015.
Irct2015061222667N 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irct2015061222667N. Effect of education on?behavioral intention and sodium intake. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015061222667N1 2015.
Irct2015071823159N 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irct2015071823159N. The effect of education on on chronic heart failure patient’s self care behaviors. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015071823159N3 2015.
Irct2015083120041N 2016 {published data only}
    1. Irct2015083120041N. The effect of Family-Centered Empowerment Model (FCEM) on self-care of the patient with prosthetic heart valve in armed forces hospitals. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015083120041N2 2016.
Irct20151004024342N 2018 {published data only}
    1. Irct20151004024342N. The effect of education on self -care of patients and mental health carers. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20151004024342N5 2018.
Irct201511209014N 2015 {published data only}
    1. Irct201511209014N. Effect of cooperative caregiver training versus individual training on the adherence to treatment in patients with heart failure. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201511209014N84 2015.
Irct2016041627405N 2016 {published data only}
    1. Irct2016041627405N. Investigate the effect of nursing care models on quality of life. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2016041627405N1 2016.
Irct2016071028862N 2017 {published data only}
    1. Irct2016071028862N. Assesment of the effect family-centered empowerment model on hope and quality of life in patient with heart failure. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2016071028862N1 2017.
Irct2016111930963N 2017 {published data only}
    1. Irct2016111930963N. The impact of education on self-care behaviors in patients with heart failure. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2016111930963N1 2017.
Irct2017020622466N 2017 {published data only}
    1. Irct2017020622466N. The effect of together peer and nurse education on knowledge, attitude and self-care application in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2017020622466N12 2017.
Irct20170308032960N 2018 {published data only}
    1. Irct20170308032960N. Investigating the impact of family partnership on cardiac rehab. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20170308032960N1 2018.
Irct2017060623670N 2017 {published data only}
    1. Irct2017060623670N. Effect of peer education on treatment adherence and quality of life in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2017060623670N2 2017.
Irct2017083035996N 2017 {published data only}
    1. Irct2017083035996N. Effect the application of continuous care model on self-management and adherence to treatment. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2017083035996N1 2017.
Irct20171114037468N 2017 {published data only}
    1. Irct20171114037468N. The effects of home-based cardiac rehabilitation on patients’ quality of life after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20171114037468N1 2017.
Irct20171118037524N 2018 {published data only}
    1. Irct20171118037524N. Investigating the effect of elderly caregiver's education through virtual social networks on adherence to treatment. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20171118037524N2 2018.
Irct20180227038886N 2018 {published data only}
    1. Irct20180227038886N. Effects of Pender’s Health Promotion Model on adherence to the treatment regimen. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180227038886N1 2018.
Irct20180227038890N 2018 {published data only}
    1. Irct20180227038890N. Effects of a web-baseline family educational and supportive program on adherence of treatment and readmission in patients with heart failure after discharge from hospital. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180227038890N1 2018.
Irct20180408039238N 2018 {published data only}
    1. Irct20180408039238N. The impact of transitional care upon the rate of readmission in patients after coronary artery bypass graft. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180408039238N1 2018.
Irct20180513039646N 2018 {published data only}
    1. Irct20180513039646N. The effect of the family-centered educational program on medication management and quality of life in elderly patients with ischemic heart disease. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180513039646N1 2018.
Irct20180729040629N 2018 {published data only}
    1. Irct20180729040629N. Effect of BASNEF Model on adherence medication in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180729040629N1 2018.
Irct20181008041278N 2018 {published data only}
    1. Irct20181008041278N. The effect of telenursing in cardiac patients. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20181008041278N1 2018.
Irct20190725044329N 2019 {published data only}
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Irct20190805044442N 2020 {published data only}
    1. Irct20190805044442N. The effect of the first phase of cardiac rehabilitation in cardiac surgery patients. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190805044442N1 2020.
Irct20200223046586N 2020 {published data only}
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Irct20201208049649N 2021 {published data only}
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NCT03646656 {published data only}
    1. NCT03646656. Heart health buddies: peer support to decrease CVD risk. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03646656 2019.
NCT03657459 {published data only}
    1. NCT03657459. Danger signs in heart failure- effects of video education. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03657459 2018.
NCT03663907 {published data only}
    1. NCT03663907. Heart failure events reduction with remote monitoring and ehealth support investigator initiated trial. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03663907 2018.
NCT03732066 {published data only}
    1. NCT03732066. Web based social media technology to improvement in adherence to dual antiplatelet therapy following drug-eluting stent implantation. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03732066 2018. - PMC - PubMed
NCT03881150 {published data only}
    1. NCT03881150. Hybrid cardiac rehabilitation trial. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03881150 2019.
NCT03924739 {published data only}
    1. NCT03924739. A nurse-coordinated integrated care model for patients with atrial fibrillation. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03924739 2019. - PubMed
NCT04254315 {published data only}
    1. NCT04254315. OPTIMA: psychological distress and the effect of intensive group based cognitive therapy in patients with newly diagnosed ischemic heart disease. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04254315 2020.
NCT04254328 {published data only}
    1. NCT04254328. The effectiveness of Nintendo Wii Fit and inspiratory muscle training in older patients with heart failure. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04254328 2020.
NCT04304833 {published data only}
    1. NCT04304833. Innovative care of older adults with chronic heart failure: a comparative effectiveness clinical trial (I-COACH). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04304833 2020.
Noonan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Noonan MC, Wingham J, Dalal HM, Taylor RS. Involving caregivers in self-management interventions for patients with heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2019;75(12):3331-45. - PubMed
Norlund 2017 {published data only}
    1. Norlund F, Olsson EMG, Pingel R, Held C, Svardsudd K, Gulliksson M, Burell G. Psychological mediators related to clinical outcome in cognitive behavioural therapy for coronary heart disease: A sub-analysis from the SUPRIM trial. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2017;24(9):917-25. - PMC - PubMed
Ntr 2009 {published data only}
    1. NTR1839. Effects of a phyisiotherapeutic exercise programme in patients with a combination of COPD and chronic heart failure: the CHEST-study. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR1839 2009.
Ntr 2013 {published data only}
    1. NTR3937. Effects of a nurse coordinated program of lifestyle interventions aimed at reducing the risk of recurrent events in patients who have suffered a heart attack. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR3937 2013.
Ostergaard 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ostergaard B, Mahrer-Imhof R, Wagner L, Barington T, Videbaek L, Lauridsen J. Effect of family nursing therapeutic conversations on health-related quality of life, self-care and depression among outpatients with heart failure: a randomized multi-centre trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2018;101(8):1385-93. - PubMed
Ostergaard 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ostergaard B, Mahrer-Imhof R, Shamali M, Norgaard B, Jeune B, Pedersen KS, et al. Effect of family nursing therapeutic conversations on patients with heart failure and their family members: secondary outcomes of a randomised multicentre trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2020;30:742-56. - PubMed
Padula 2019 {published data only}
    1. Padula MS, D'Ambrosio GG, Tocci M, D'Amico R, Banchelli F, Angeli L, et al. Home care for heart failure: can caregiver education prevent hospital admissions? A randomized trial in primary care. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 2019;20(1):30-8. - PubMed
Pakzaban 2017 {published data only}
    1. Pakzaban S, Sahbaei F, Fesharaki M. Comparison of the effect of self-care edication through hospital routine and social networks methods on quality of life of coronary artery bypass graft patients . Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2017;4(3):720-5.
Parry 2010 {published data only}
    1. Parry M, Watt-Watson J. Peer support intervention trials for individuals with heart disease: a systematic review. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2010;9(1):57-67. - PubMed
Parry 2020 {published data only}
    1. Parry M, Dhukai A, Clarke H, Bjornnes AK, Cafazzo JA, Cooper L, et al. Development and usability testing of HEARTPAN: protocol for a mixed methods strategy to develop an integrated smartphone and web-based intervention for women with cardiac pain. BMJ Open 2020;10(3):e033092. - PMC - PubMed
Partridge 2017 {published data only}
    1. Partridge SR, Grunseit AC, Gallagher P, Freeman B, O'Hara BJ, Neubeck L, et al. Cardiac patients' experiences and perceptions of social media: mixed-methods study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2017;19(9):13. - PMC - PubMed
Pascual 2011 {published data only}
    1. Pascual CR, Galan EP, Guerrero JLG, Colino RM, Soler PA, Calvo MH, et al. Rationale and methods of the multicenter randomised trial of a heart failure management programme among geriatric patients (HF-Geriatrics). BMC Public Health 2011;11:627. - PMC - PubMed
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Piamjariyakul 2015 {published data only}
    1. Piamjariyakul U, Werkowitch M, Wick J, Russell C, Vacek JL, Smith CE. Caregiver coaching program effect: reducing heart failure patient rehospitalizations and improving caregiver outcomes among African Americans. Heart & Lung 2015;44(6):466-73. - PubMed
Piette 2020 {published data only}
    1. Piette JD, Striplin D, Fisher L, Aikens JE, Lee A, Marinec N, et al. Effects of accessible health technology and caregiver support posthospitalization on 30-day readmission risk: a randomized trial. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 2020;46(2):109-17. - PMC - PubMed
Priebe 2001 {published data only}
    1. Priebe S, Sinning U. Effects of a brief couples therapy intervention in coronary rehabilitation. A controlled study [Effekte einer kurzen paartherapeutischen Intervention in der Koronarrehabilitation. Eine kontrollierte Studie]. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie 2001;51(7):276-80. - PubMed
Prieto‐Centurion 2019 {published data only}
    1. Prieto-Centurion V, Basu S, Bracken N, Calhoun E, Dickens C, DiDomenico RJ, et al. Design of the patient navigator to Reduce Readmissions (PArTNER) study: a pragmatic clinical effectiveness trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2019;15:100420. - PMC - PubMed
Quinones 2014 {published data only}
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Rahimi 2018 {published data only}
    1. Rahimi KK, Rakhshan M, Ghanbari A. The effect of family-centered empowerment model on the illness perception in heart failure patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Caring Sciences 2018;7(4):189-95. - PMC - PubMed
Rakhshan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Rakhshan M, Kordshooli KR, Ghadakpoor S. Effects of family-center empowerment model on the lifestyle of heart failure patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery 2015;3(4):255-62. - PMC - PubMed
Ramachandran 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ramachandran K, Husain N, Maikhuri R, Seth S, Vij A, Kumar M, et al. Impact of a comprehensive telephone-based disease management programme on quality-of-life in patients with heart failure. National Medical Journal of India 2007;20(2):67-73. - PubMed
Reid 2013 {published data only}
    1. Reid J, Ski CF, Thompson DR. Psychological interventions for patients with coronary heart disease and their partners: a systematic review. PloS One 2013;8(9):e73459. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Rich MW, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, Leven CL, Freedland KE, Carney RM. A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. The New England Journal of Medicine 1995;333(18):1190-5. - PubMed
Richardson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Richardson CR, Buis LR, Janney AW, Goodrich DE, Sen A, Hess ML, et al. An online community improves adherence in an internet-mediated walking program. Part 1: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12(4):e71. - PMC - PubMed
Robertson 2001 {published data only}
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Roncella 2009 {published data only}
    1. Roncella A, Giornetti A, Cianfrocca C, Pasceri V, Pelliccia F, Denollet J, et al. Rationale and trial design of a randomized, controlled study on short-term psychotherapy after acute myocardial infarction: the STEP-IN-AMI trial (Short Term Psychotherapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction). Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 2009;10(12):947-52. - PubMed
Roncella 2012 {published data only}
    1. Roncella A, Pristipino C, Cianfrocca C, Pasceri V, Irini D, Scorza S, et al. Short TErm Psychotherapy IN Acute Myocardial Infarction (STEP IN AMI) Trial. Final results from a randomized trial. European Heart Journal 2012;33:954.
Rugulies 1996 {published data only}
    1. Rugulies R, Jager A, Benesch L, Siegrist J. Comprehensive lifestyle changes among patients with CHD and the integration of inpatient and outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: first results of a secondary prevention intervention trial. Zeitschrift fur gesundheitswissenschaften 1996;4(3):234‐47.
Ruivo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ruivo J, Karim K, Oshea R, Gormley J. In-class active videogame supplementation and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2015;22(1):S90.
Ruppar 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ruppar TM, Delgado JM, Temple J. Medication adherence interventions for heart failure patients: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2015;14(5):395-404. - PubMed
Salmoirago‐Blotcher 2015 {published data only}
    1. Salmoirago-Blotcher E, Wayne P, Bock BC, Dunsiger S, Wu W-C, Stabile L, et al. Design and methods of the Gentle Cardiac Rehabilitation Study--A behavioral study of tai chi exercise for patients not attending cardiac rehabilitation. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;43:243-51. - PMC - PubMed
Salzwedel 2019 {published data only}
    1. Salzwedel A, Wegscheider K, Schulz-Behrendt C, Dorr G, Reibis R, Voller H. No impact of an extensive social intervention program on return to work and quality of life after acute cardiac event: a cluster-randomized trial in patients with negative occupational prognosis. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2019;92(8):1109-20. - PubMed
Samartzis 2013 {published data only}
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Schraeder 2005 {published data only}
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Schwarz 2008 {published data only}
    1. Schwarz KA, Mion LC, Hudock D, Litman G. Telemonitoring of heart failure patients and their caregivers: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Progress in CardiovascularNursing 2008;23(1):18-26. - PubMed
Seron 2019 {published data only}
    1. Seron P, Oliveros MJ, Marzuca-Nassr GN, Lanas F, Morales G, Roman C, et al. Hybrid cardiac rehabilitation trial (HYCARET): protocol of a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority trial in South America. BMJ Open 2019;9(10):e031213. - PMC - PubMed
Ski 2016 {published data only}
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    1. Spadaro F, Falzone R, De Bastiani E, Ferri M, Roni R, Mattarei M. Towards an involvement of pharmacies in the integrated management of patients with heart failure. The protocol of the GIFT project. Giornale Italiano di Farmacia Clinica 2010;24(2):88-98.
Srisuk 2015 {published data only}
    1. Srisuk N, Cameron J, Ski CF, Thompson DR. A family-based education program for heart failure patients and carers in rural Thailand: a randomised controlled trial. Heart Lung and Circulation 2015;24:S418.
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Stoevesandt 2020 {published data only}
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Su 2020 {published data only}
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Tang 2017 {published data only}
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Thoits 2000 {published data only}
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Trivedi 2016 {published data only}
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    1. Varaei S, Shamsizadeh M, Cheraghi MA, Talebi M, Dehghani A, Abbasi A. Effects of a peer education on cardiac self-efficacy and readmissions in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized-controlled trial. Nursing in Critical Care 2017;22(1):19-28. - PubMed
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Warber 2011 {published data only}
    1. Warber SL, Ingerman S, Moura VL, Wunder J, Northrop A, Gillespie BW, et al. Healiong the heart: A randomized pilot study of a spiritual retreat for depression in acute coronary syndrome patients . EXPLORE: The Journal of Science & Healing 2011;7(4):222-33. - PubMed
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    1. Wood DA, Kotseva K, Connolly S, Jennings C, Mead A, Jones J, et al. Nurse-coordinated multidisciplinary, family-based cardiovascular disease prevention programme (EUROACTION) for patients with coronary heart disease and asymptomatic individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a paired, cluster-randomised controlle. Lancet 2008;371(9629):1999-2012. - PubMed
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    1. Xu M, Han D, Wang X, Yu X, Hao W, Zhu D. Effects of family-centered care based on timing it right on the care ability and the quality of life of family members of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Panminerva Medica 2017;59(4):338-40. - PubMed
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    1. Yeh GY, Chan CW, Wayne PM, Conboy L. The impact of tai chi exercise on self-efficacy, social support, and empowerment in heart failure: insights from a qualitative sub-study from a randomized controlled trial. PloS One 2016;11(5):e0154678. - PMC - PubMed
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Ahn 2022 {published data only}
    1. Ahn JA. Heart failure-Smart Life II: effects of a mobile-based education and self-management program for patients with heart failure and their family caregivers. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2022;79(9):2027.
Caggianelli 2022 {published data only}
    1. Caggianelli G, Iovino P, Rebora P, Occhino G, Zeffiro V, Locatelli G, et al. A motivational interviewing intervention improves physical symptoms in patients with heart failure: a secondary outcome analysis of the motivate-hf randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2022;63(2):221-9. - PubMed
ChiCTR2100044879 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2100044879. Mobile health–based gamification intervention to increase physical activity participation among patients with coronary heart disease: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR2100044879 2021. - PMC - PubMed
CTRI/2021/09/036328 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2021/09/036328. A randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of nurse- led cardiac rehabilitative tele- interventions on health behaviors, prevention of complications and re-admissions among patients with post myocardial infarction admitted in Advance Cardiac Centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 2020-22. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2021/09/036328 2021.
Deek 2021 {published data only}
    1. Deek H, Noureddine S, Allam D, Newton PJ, Davidson PM. A single educational intervention on heart failure self-care: extended follow-up from a multisite randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2021;20(3):212-9. - PubMed
Elias 2020 {published data only}
    1. Elias N, Mullen KA, McDonnell LA, Reid RD, Coutinho T. The women@heart program: pilot study to assess the impact of a peer support program for women with cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 2020;40(6):E55.
    1. NCT03286010. Peer support for women with heart disease: women@Heart. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03286010 2017.
Iovino 2021a {published data only}
    1. Iovino P, Rebora P, Occhino G, Zeffiro V, Caggianelli G, Ausili D, et al. Does motivational interviewing reduce health services use and mortality in heart failure patients? A secondary analysis of the MOTIVATE-HF trial. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2021;20:i98.
Iovino 2021b {published data only}
    1. Iovino P, Rebora P, Occhino G, Zeffiro V, Caggianelli G, Ausili D, et al. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing on health-service use and mortality: a secondary outcome analysis of the MOTIVATE-HF trial. ESC Heart Failure 2021;8(4):2920-7. - PMC - PubMed
Irani 2021 {published data only}
    1. Irani E, Niyomyart A, Dolansky MA, Stephens JP, Ganocy SJ, Josephson RA, et al. A pilot randomized clinical trial of a teamwork intervention for heart failure care dyads. Heart & Lung 2021;50(6):877-84. - PMC - PubMed
Irct20100725004443N {published data only}
    1. Irct20100725004443N. The effect of health literacy INDEX-based education on knowledge, self-care behaviors and readmission in heart failure patients. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20100725004443N27 2019.
IRCT20100725004443N30 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20100725004443N30. The effect of comprehensive tele-empowerment program on self-care, uncertainty and readmission in patients with heart failure. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20100725004443N30 2022.
IRCT2015100624395N {published data only}
    1. Irct2015100624395N. The effect of education based on the family-centered empowerment model on anticoagulant adherence of patients with prosthetic heart valve. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015100624395N1 2015.
IRCT20180428039458N2 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20180428039458N2. Comparison of the effectiveness of integrative behavioral couple therapy, narrative couple therapy and couple schema therapy in coronary artery patients & their spouses. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180428039458N2 2022.
IRCT20200922048806N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200922048806N1. The effect of an education on treatment adherence and readmition in patients with heart failure. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20200922048806N1.
IRCT20201228049858N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20201228049858N1. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a Watson model-based human care program on self-care ability and adaptation in patients with congestive heart failure. https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20201228049858N1 2021.
Konerding 2021 {published data only}
    1. Konerding U, Redaelli M, Ackermann K, Altin S, Appelbaum S, Biallas B, et al. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial referring to a Personalised Self-management SUPport Programme (P-SUP) for persons enrolled in a disease management programme for type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or for coronary heart disease. Trials 2021;22(1):659. - PMC - PubMed
Kyaw Tha Tun 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kyaw Tha Tun E, Nagel J, Bosbach A, Bock S, Kielblock B, Siegmund-Schultze E, et al. Telephone-based peer support intervention to reduce depressive symptoms in women with coronary heart disease, a randomized controlled trial in Germany. Women & Health 2021;61(7):619-32. - PubMed
Locatelli 2022 {published data only}
    1. Locatelli G, Zeffiro V, Occhino G, Rebora P, Caggianelli G, Ausili D, et al. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing on contribution to self-care, self-efficacy, and preparedness in caregivers of patients with heart failure: a secondary outcome analysis of the MOTIVATE-HF randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2022;21(8):801-11. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvac013] - DOI - PubMed
NCT03020316 {published data only}
    1. NCT03020316. Peer mentored approaches for women with coronary artery disease ("4-Steps"). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03020316 2015.
NCT04917159 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04917159. Acceptance and commitment therapy for patients with chronic heart failure and their caregivers on their quality of life. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04917159 .
NCT04945486 {published data only}
    1. NCT04945486. The effect of peer-mentor support for older vulnerable myocardial infarction patients. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04945486. - PMC - PubMed
NCT04966104 {published data only}
    1. NCT04966104. ODYSSEE-vCHAT pilot trial for chronic heart failure. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04966104.
NCT04991857 {published data only}
    1. NCT04991857. Technology-based family-centered empowerment program for heart failure (T-FAME-HF). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04991857.
NCT05211882 {published data only}
    1. NCT05211882. ENABLE (Educate, Nurture, Advise, Before Life Ends) intervention for heart failure (HF) patients and their caregivers in Singapore. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05211882.
NTR6181 {published data only}
    1. NTR6181. A novel tailor-made cardiac rehabilitation program for obese patient with coronary artery disease. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR6181 2017.
Roshandel 2021 {published data only}
    1. Roshandel M, Rakhshan M, Najafi Kalyani M. The effect of using peer on self-care, quality of life, and adherence in elderly people with coronary artery disease. Scientific World Journal 2021;2021:4770721. - PMC - PubMed
Su 2021 {published data only}
    1. Su JJ, Yu DS. Effects of a nurse-led eHealth cardiac rehabilitation programme on health outcomes of patients with coronary heart disease: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2021;122:104040. - PubMed
Xu 2022 {published data only}
    1. Xu L, Li J, Zhang X, Pang Y, Yu T, Lian X, et al. Mobile health-based gamification intervention to increase physical activity participation among patients with coronary heart disease: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022;12(1):e054623. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

DRKS00020592 {published data only}
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Dunn 2021 {published data only}
    1. Dunn SL, Robbins LB, Tintle NL, Collins EG, Bronas UG, Goodyke MP, et al. Heart up! RCT protocol to increase physical activity in cardiac patients who report hopelessness: amended for the COVID-19 pandemic. Research in Nursing & Health 2021;44(2):279-94. - PMC - PubMed
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Gonzalez‐Gonzalez 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez-Gonzalez AI, Perestelo-Perez L, Koatz D, Ballester M, Pacheco-Huergo V, Ramos-Garcia V, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a virtual community of practice to improve the empowerment of patients with ischaemic heart disease: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020;10(10):e037374. - PMC - PubMed
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Li 2018 {published data only}
    1. Li SS, Blumenthal JA, Shi C, Millican D, Li X, Du X, et al. I-CARE randomized clinical trial integrating depression and acute coronary syndrome care in low-resource hospitals in China: design and rationale. American Heart Journal 2018;202:109-15. - PubMed
NCT03159325 {published data only}
    1. NCT03159325. The Healing Circles Project. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03159325 2017.
    1. Sakakibara BM, Chakrabarti S, Krahm A, Mackay MH, Sedlak T, Singer J, et al. Delivery of peer support through a self-management mhealth intervention (Healing Circles) in patients with cardiovascular disease: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2019;8(1):e12322. - PMC - PubMed
NCT03632018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03632018. Heart exercise and resistance training - peer lead activity. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03632018 2022.
NCT03734887 {published data only}
    1. NCT03734887. Social engagement strategies to improve medication adherence. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03734887 2021.
NCT04165421 {published data only}
    1. NCT04165421. Family focused intervention for patients with atrial fibrillation. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04165421 2019.
NCT04304872 {published data only}
    1. NCT04304872. Improving physical activity and cardiac rehabilitation attendance using technology and behavioral economics. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04304872 2020.
NCT04737759 {published data only}
    1. NCT04737759. Taking care of us: a dyadic intervention for heart failure couples. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04737759 2021.
NCT04938661 {published data only}
    1. Mayo Clinic, National Institute of Nursing Research. Improving cardiac rehabilitation outcomes through mobile case management (iCARE). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04938661 2025.
Siegmund 2017 {published data only}
    1. Siegmund LA, Ahmed HM, Crawford MT, Bena JF. Feasibility of a Facebook intervention for exercise motivation and cardiac rehabilitation adherence: study protocol. JMIR Research Protocols 2017;6(8):e162. - PMC - PubMed
Su 2019 {published data only}
    1. Su JJ, Yu DSF. Effectiveness of eHealth cardiac rehabilitation on health outcomes of coronary heart disease patients: a randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2019;19(1):274. - PMC - PubMed
TCTR20200416002 {published data only}
    1. TCTR20200416002. The effect of peer group education on outcomes of the elderly patients with coronary artery disease. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=TCTR20200416002 2020.
Wu 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT02481921. Group medical visits in heart failure. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02481921 2015.
    1. Wu W, Parent M, Dev S, Hearns R, Taveira TH, Cohen L, et al. Group medical visits after heart failure hospitalization: study protocol for a randomized-controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;71:140-5. - PubMed

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References to other published versions of this review

Purcell 2021
    1. Purcell C, Smillie S, Hilton Boon, M, Simpson SA, Taylor RS. Effectiveness of social network interventions to support cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention in the management of people with heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021;1:0. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013820] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types