Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane

IceCube Collaboration*†; R Abbasi¹, M Ackermann², J Adams³, J A Aguilar⁴, M Ahlers⁵, M Ahrens⁶, J M Alameddine⁷, A A Alves Jr⁸, N M Amin⁹, K Andeen¹⁰, T Anderson¹¹, G Anton¹², C Argüelles¹³, Y Ashida¹⁴, S Athanasiadou², S Axani¹⁵, X Bai¹⁶, A Balagopal V¹⁴, S W Barwick¹⁷, V Basu¹⁴, S Baur⁴, R Bay¹⁸, J J Beatty^{19

20}, K-H Becker²¹, J Becker Tjus²², J Beise¹¹, C Bellenghi²³, S Benda¹⁴, S BenZvi²⁴, D Berley²⁵, E Bernardini^{2

26}, D Z Besson²⁷, G Binder^{18

28}, D Bindig²¹, E Blaufuss²⁵, S Blot², M Boddenberg²⁹, F Bontempo⁸, J Y Book¹³, J Borowka²⁹, S Böser³⁰, O Botner¹¹, J Böttcher²⁹, E Bourbeau⁵, F Bradascio², J Braun¹⁴, B Brinson³¹, S Bron³², J Brostean-Kaiser², R T Burley³³, R S Busse³⁴, M A Campana³⁵, E G Carnie-Bronca³³, C Chen³¹, Z Chen³⁶, D Chirkin¹⁴, K Choi³⁷, B A Clark³⁸, K Clark³⁹, L Classen³⁴, A Coleman⁹, G H Collin¹⁵, A Connolly^{19

20}, J M Conrad¹⁵, P Coppin⁴⁰, P Correa⁴⁰, D F Cowen^{41

42}, R Cross²⁴, C Dappen²⁹, P Dave³¹, C De Clercq⁴⁰, J J DeLaunay⁴³, D Delgado López¹³, H Dembinski⁹, K Deoskar⁶, A Desai¹⁴, P Desiati¹⁴, K D de Vries⁴⁰, G de Wasseige⁴⁴, T DeYoung³⁸, A Diaz¹⁵, J C Díaz-Vélez¹⁴, M Dittmer³⁴, H Dujmovic⁸, M Dunkman⁴², M A DuVernois¹⁴, T Ehrhardt³⁰, P Eller²³, R Engel^{8

45}, H Erpenbeck²⁹, J Evans²⁵, P A Evenson⁹, K L Fan²⁵, A R Fazely⁴⁶, A Fedynitch⁴⁷, N Feigl⁴⁸, S Fiedlschuster¹², A T Fienberg⁴², C Finley⁶, L Fischer², D Fox⁴¹, A Franckowiak^{22

2}, E Friedman²⁵, A Fritz³⁰, P Fürst²⁹, T K Gaisser⁹, J Gallagher⁴⁹, E Ganster²⁹, A Garcia¹³, S Garrappa², L Gerhardt²⁸, A Ghadimi⁴³, C Glaser¹¹, T Glauch²³, T Glüsenkamp¹², N Goehlke⁴⁵, A Goldschmidt²⁸, J G Gonzalez⁹, S Goswami⁴³, D Grant³⁸, T Grégoire⁴², S Griswold²⁴, C Günther²⁹, P Gutjahr⁷, C Haack²³, A Hallgren¹¹, R Halliday³⁸, L Halve²⁹, F Halzen¹⁴, M Ha Minh²³, K Hanson¹⁴, J Hardin¹⁴, A A Harnisch³⁸, A Haungs⁸, K Helbing²¹, F Henningsen²³, E C Hettinger³⁸, S Hickford²¹, J Hignight⁵⁰, C Hill⁵¹, G C Hill³³, K D Hoffman²⁵, K Hoshina^{14

52}, W Hou⁸, F Huang⁴², M Huber²³, T Huber⁸, K Hultqvist⁶, M Hünnefeld⁷, R Hussain¹⁴, K Hymon⁷, S In³⁷, N Iovine⁴, A Ishihara⁵¹, M Jansson⁶, G S Japaridze⁵³, M Jeong³⁷, M Jin¹³, B J P Jones⁵⁴, D Kang⁸, W Kang³⁷, X Kang³⁵, A Kappes³⁴, D Kappesser³⁰, L Kardum⁷, T Karg², M Karl²³, A Karle¹⁴, U Katz¹², M Kauer¹⁴, M Kellermann²⁹, J L Kelley¹⁴, A Kheirandish⁴², K Kin⁵¹, J Kiryluk³⁶, S R Klein^{18

28}, A Kochocki³⁸, R Koirala⁹, H Kolanoski⁴⁸, T Kontrimas²³, L Köpke³⁰, C Kopper³⁸, S Kopper⁴³, D J Koskinen⁵, P Koundal⁸, M Kovacevich³⁵, M Kowalski^{48

2}, T Kozynets⁵, E Krupczak³⁸, E Kun²², N Kurahashi³⁵, N Lad², C Lagunas Gualda², J L Lanfranchi⁴², M J Larson²⁵, F Lauber²¹, J P Lazar^{13

14}, J W Lee³⁷, K Leonard¹⁴, A Leszczyńska⁹, Y Li⁴², M Lincetto²², Q R Liu¹⁴, M Liubarska⁵⁰, E Lohfink³⁰, C J Lozano Mariscal³⁴, L Lu¹⁴, F Lucarelli³², A Ludwig^{38

55}, W Luszczak¹⁴, Y Lyu^{18

28}, W Y Ma², J Madsen¹⁴, K B M Mahn³⁸, Y Makino¹⁴, S Mancina¹⁴, I C Mariş⁴, I Martinez-Soler¹³, R Maruyama⁵⁶, S McHale¹⁴, T McElroy⁵⁰, F McNally⁵⁷, J V Mead⁵, K Meagher¹⁴, S Mechbal², A Medina²⁰, M Meier⁵¹, S Meighen-Berger²³, Y Merckx⁴⁰, J Micallef³⁸, D Mockler⁴, T Montaruli³², R W Moore⁵⁰, K Morik⁵⁸, R Morse¹⁴, M Moulai¹⁵, T Mukherjee⁸, R Naab², R Nagai², R Nahnhauer², U Naumann²¹, J Necker², L V Nguyen³⁸, H Niederhausen³⁸, M U Nisa³⁸, S C Nowicki³⁸, D Nygren²⁸, A Obertacke Pollmann²¹, M Oehler⁸, B Oeyen⁵⁹, A Olivas²⁵, E O'Sullivan¹¹, H Pandya⁹, D V Pankova⁴², N Park³⁹, G K Parker⁵⁴, E N Paudel⁹, L Paul¹⁰, C Pérez de Los Heros¹¹, L Peters²⁹, J Peterson¹⁴, S Philippen²⁹, S Pieper²¹, A Pizzuto¹⁴, M Plum¹⁶, Y Popovych³⁰, A Porcelli⁵⁹, M Prado Rodriguez¹⁴, B Pries³⁸, G T Przybylski²⁸, C Raab⁴, J Rack-Helleis³⁰, A Raissi³, M Rameez⁵, K Rawlins⁶⁰, I C Rea²³, Z Rechav¹⁴, A Rehman⁹, P Reichherzer²², R Reimann²⁹, G Renzi⁴, E Resconi²³, S Reusch², W Rhode⁷, M Richman³⁵, B Riedel¹⁴, E J Roberts³³, S Robertson^{18

28}, G Roellinghoff³⁷, M Rongen³⁰, C Rott^{61

37}, T Ruhe⁷, D Ryckbosch⁵⁹, D Rysewyk Cantu³⁸, I Safa^{13

14}, J Saffer⁴⁵, D Salazar-Gallegos³⁸, P Sampathkumar⁸, S E Sanchez Herrera³⁸, A Sandrock⁷, M Santander⁴³, S Sarkar⁵⁰, S Sarkar⁶², K Satalecka², M Schaufel²⁹, H Schieler⁸, S Schindler¹², T Schmidt²⁵, A Schneider¹⁴, J Schneider¹², F G Schröder^{8

9}, L Schumacher²³, G Schwefer²⁹, S Sclafani³⁵, D Seckel⁹, S Seunarine⁶³, A Sharma¹¹, S Shefali⁴⁵, N Shimizu⁵¹, M Silva¹⁴, B Skrzypek¹³, B Smithers⁵⁴, R Snihur¹⁴, J Soedingrekso⁷, A Sogaard⁵, D Soldin⁹, C Spannfellner²³, G M Spiczak⁶³, C Spiering², M Stamatikos²⁰, T Stanev⁹, R Stein², J Stettner²⁹, T Stezelberger²⁸, B Stokstad²⁸, T Stürwald²¹, T Stuttard⁵, G W Sullivan²⁵, I Taboada³¹, S Ter-Antonyan⁴⁶, J Thwaites¹⁴, S Tilav⁹, F Tischbein²⁹, K Tollefson³⁸, C Tönnis⁶⁴, S Toscano⁴, D Tosi¹⁴, A Trettin², M Tselengidou¹², C F Tung³¹, A Turcati²³, R Turcotte⁸, C F Turley⁴², J P Twagirayezu³⁸, B Ty¹⁴, M A Unland Elorrieta³⁴, N Valtonen-Mattila¹¹, J Vandenbroucke¹⁴, N van Eijndhoven⁴⁰, D Vannerom¹⁵, J van Santen², J Veitch-Michaelis¹⁴, S Verpoest⁵⁹, C Walck⁶, W Wang¹⁴, T B Watson⁵⁴, C Weaver³⁸, P Weigel¹⁵, A Weindl⁸, M J Weiss⁴², J Weldert³⁰, C Wendt¹⁴, J Werthebach⁷, M Weyrauch⁸, N Whitehorn^{38

55}, C H Wiebusch²⁹, N Willey³⁸, D R Williams⁴³, M Wolf¹⁴, G Wrede¹², J Wulff²², X W Xu⁴⁶, J P Yanez⁵⁰, E Yildizci¹⁴, S Yoshida⁵¹, S Yu³⁸, T Yuan¹⁴, Z Zhang³⁶, P Zhelnin¹³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA.
² Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.
³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
⁴ Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
⁵ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶ Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷ Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
⁸ Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
⁹ Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA.
¹¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
¹² Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
¹³ Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
¹⁶ Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
²⁰ Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
²¹ Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
²² Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
²³ Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
²⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
²⁵ Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
²⁶ Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
²⁸ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
²⁹ Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
³⁰ Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
³¹ School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
³² Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.
³³ Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
³⁴ Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
³⁵ Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
³⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA.
³⁷ Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
³⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
³⁹ Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
⁴⁰ Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
⁴¹ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
⁴² Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
⁴³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
⁴⁴ Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
⁴⁵ Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
⁴⁶ Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA.
⁴⁷ Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
⁴⁸ Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
⁴⁹ Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada.
⁵¹ Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
⁵² Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
⁵³ The Center for Theoretical Studies of Physical Systems, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
⁵⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
⁵⁶ Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207-0001, USA.
⁵⁸ Computer Science Faculty, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
⁵⁹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
⁶⁰ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
⁶² Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
⁶³ Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USA.
⁶⁴ Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

PMID: 37384687
DOI: 10.1126/science.adc9818

Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane

IceCube Collaboration*† et al. Science. 2023.

. 2023 Jun 30;380(6652):1338-1343.

doi: 10.1126/science.adc9818. Epub 2023 Jun 29.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA.
² Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.
³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
⁴ Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
⁵ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶ Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷ Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
⁸ Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
⁹ Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA.
¹¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
¹² Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
¹³ Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
¹⁶ Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
²⁰ Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
²¹ Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
²² Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
²³ Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
²⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
²⁵ Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
²⁶ Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
²⁸ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
²⁹ Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
³⁰ Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
³¹ School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
³² Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.
³³ Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
³⁴ Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
³⁵ Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
³⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA.
³⁷ Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
³⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
³⁹ Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
⁴⁰ Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
⁴¹ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
⁴² Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
⁴³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
⁴⁴ Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
⁴⁵ Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
⁴⁶ Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA.
⁴⁷ Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
⁴⁸ Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
⁴⁹ Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada.
⁵¹ Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
⁵² Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
⁵³ The Center for Theoretical Studies of Physical Systems, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
⁵⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
⁵⁶ Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207-0001, USA.
⁵⁸ Computer Science Faculty, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
⁵⁹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
⁶⁰ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
⁶² Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
⁶³ Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USA.
⁶⁴ Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

PMID: 37384687
DOI: 10.1126/science.adc9818

Abstract

The origin of high-energy cosmic rays, atomic nuclei that continuously impact Earth's atmosphere, is unknown. Because of deflection by interstellar magnetic fields, cosmic rays produced within the Milky Way arrive at Earth from random directions. However, cosmic rays interact with matter near their sources and during propagation, which produces high-energy neutrinos. We searched for neutrino emission using machine learning techniques applied to 10 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By comparing diffuse emission models to a background-only hypothesis, we identified neutrino emission from the Galactic plane at the 4.5σ level of significance. The signal is consistent with diffuse emission of neutrinos from the Milky Way but could also arise from a population of unresolved point sources.

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Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane

Affiliations

Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract