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. 2023 Sep;26(5):385-392.
doi: 10.1111/vop.13126. Epub 2023 Jun 30.

A retinoscopic survey of donkeys and goats

Oren Pe'er  1 , Liat Gantz  2 , Eyal Gal  2 , Ron Ofri  1
Affiliations

A retinoscopic survey of donkeys and goats

Oren Pe'er et al. Vet Ophthalmol. 2023 Sep.

Abstract

Purpose: Assess the refractive states of donkeys and goats.

Methods: Forty-two donkeys and 28 goats were enrolled. The mean ± SD ages were 7.68 ± 7.33 years for donkeys and 4.26 ± 2.33 years for goats. Seven donkeys and one goat were <6 months old. Retinoscopy was performed in alert animals, following cycloplegia in goats but not in donkeys. Normality was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The two primary meridians and two eyes were compared using Pearson's correlation and paired Student's t-tests. The association between refractive states and age was examined using one-way ANOVA in donkeys and a paired Student's t-test in goats. One-sample t-tests were conducted to assess if the refractive error distributions were significantly different from "0".

Results: The mean ± SD spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors of the right and left donkey eyes were -0.80 ± 1.03 D and -0.35 ± 0.95 D, respectively. The majority (86%) of the donkeys had an astigmatic refraction and eight (19%) had anisometropia. The mean SE refractive errors of the right and left goat eyes were -0.15 ± 1.1 D and -0.18 ± 1.2 D, respectively. The majority (54%) of the goat eyes had an astigmatic refraction and five (18%) had anisometropia. The right and left eye SE refractive errors were positively correlated in both species (both p = .9). Age was not correlated with refractive error in both donkeys (p = .09) and goats (p = .6).

Conclusions: Both goats and donkeys are emmetropic.

Keywords: Capra aegagrus hircus; Equus africanus asinu; hyperopia; myopia; refraction; retinoscopy.

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