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. 2023 Jun 14;9(6):e17284.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17284. eCollection 2023 Jun.

Coagulation-flocculation treatment for batik effluent as a baseline study for the upcoming application of green coagulants/flocculants towards sustainable batik industry

Nurull Muna Daud  1 , Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah  1 , Hassimi Abu Hasan  1   2 , Ahmad Razi Othman  1 , Nur 'Izzati Ismail  1   2
Affiliations

Coagulation-flocculation treatment for batik effluent as a baseline study for the upcoming application of green coagulants/flocculants towards sustainable batik industry

Nurull Muna Daud et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

The batik industry has been one of the main family businesses in most of the east-coast region of the Malaysian peninsula for many years. However, appropriate water treatment is still a major challenge for this industry. Stringent laws introduced by the Malaysian authorities and the intention to protect the environment are factors that drive researchers to search for suitable, appropriate, affordable and efficient treatment of batik wastewater. Treatment research on batik wastewater is still lacking and coagulation-flocculation treatment using alum was introduced and chosen as a stepping stone toward the selection of green coagulants. This study aimed to determine the best conditions for alum flocculation-coagulation using a standard jar test method. Four main factors were investigated: alum dosage (0.1-3.5 g/L), pH (4-11), settling time (0.5-24 h) and rapid mixing rate (100-300 rpm). Results obtained were further analysed statistically using SPSS software prior to determining the significant effect of variable changes. From this study, the best conditions for batik wastewater treatment using the flocculation-coagulation process were found to be at alum dosage of 1.5 g/L, pH 8, 4 h settling time and a rapid mixing rate of 100 rpm. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, colour and total suspended solids (TSS) were removed by 70.7, 92.2, 88.4 and 100%, respectively, under these conditions. This study showed that batik wastewater can be treated by the coagulation-flocculation process using chemical means of alum. This indicates the need for forthcoming developments in natural-based-coagulant-flocculants toward the sustainability of the batik industry.

Keywords: Batik; Dye; Statistical analysis; Sustainability development goals; Textile effluent.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Schematic diagram of charge neutralization mechanism.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Batik effluent collected from the batik industry.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Illustration of alum coagulation-flocculation process of batik wastewater.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Effect of dosage on (a) COD, (b) turbidity, (c) colour and (d) TSS removal efficiencies (**A: Tukey significant; a: Tukey not significant; **B: Games–Howell significant; b: Games–Howell not significant). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Coagulation-flocculation of batik wastewater at different pH values.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Effect of pH on (a) COD, (b) turbidity, (c) colour and (d) TSS removal efficiency (**A: Tukey significant; a: Tukey not significant; **B: Games–Howell significant; b: Games–Howell not significant). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Observation during treatment, and at 0.5, 1.0 and 24 h after treatment.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Effect of settling time on (a) COD, (b) turbidity, (c) colour and (d) TSS removal efficiency (**A: Tukey significant; a: Tukey not significant; **B: Games–Howell significant; b: Games–Howell not significant). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Effect of rapid mixing rate on (a) COD, (b) turbidity, (c) colour and (d) TSS removal efficiency (**A: Tukey significant; a: Tukey not significant; **B: Games–Howell significant; b: Games–Howell not significant). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Summary of overall analysis which led to the selection of best conditions. * the selected optimum conditions were indicated by yellow highlights. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
FTIR spectrum of batik effluent.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
Key elements for forthcoming research developments of batik effluent applying biocoagulant-flocculant.
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