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. 2023 Jun 15;8(25):22955-22963.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01979. eCollection 2023 Jun 27.

Impedance Study of Temperature-Stable Relaxor Dielectrics in the System of BCT-BMT Ceramics

Aurang Zeb  1 , Amir Ullah  1 , Amir Sohail Khan  1 , Fazli Akram  2 , Muhammad Habib  3 , Vineet Tirth  4   5 , Ali Algahtani  4   5 , S J Milne  6 , Amnah Mohammed Alsuhaibani  7 , Moamen S Refat  8 , Abid Zaman  9
Affiliations

Impedance Study of Temperature-Stable Relaxor Dielectrics in the System of BCT-BMT Ceramics

Aurang Zeb et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

Preparation of a lead-free system (Ba0.8Ca0.2)TiO3-xBi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 (BCT-BMT) with x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 was carried out using a solid-state reaction technique. X-ray (XRD) diffraction analysis confirmed a tetragonal structure for x = 0, which shifted to cubic (pseudocubic) at x ≥ 0.1. From Rietveld refinement, a single phase with a tetragonal symmetry model (P4mm) was observed for x = 0, and however, for sample x = 0.1 and sample x = 0.5, the data are modeled to cubic (Pm3m). Composition x = 0 showed a prominent Curie peak, typical of ordinary ferroelectrics with a Curie temperature (Tc) ∼130 °C, modified to a typical relaxor dielectric at x ≥ 0.1. However, samples at x = 0.2-0.5 displayed a single semicircle attributed to the bulk response of the material, whereas a slightly depressed second arc appeared for x = 0.5 at 600 °C, indicating a slight contribution to the electrical properties, ascribed to the grain boundary of the material. Finally, the dc resistivity increased with the increase of the BMT content and the solid solution increased the activation energy from 0.58 eV at x = 0 to 0.99 eV for x = 0.5. Adding the BMT content eliminated the ferroelectric behavior at compositions x ≥ 0.1 and led to a linear dielectric response and electrostrictive behavior with a maximum strain of 0.12% for x = 0.2.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a–c) X-ray diffraction patterns of BCT-BMT bulk ceramics.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a–c): Rietveld refinement structural analysis of BCT-BMT dielectrics via the Full Prof suite.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a–d) SEM micrographs of chemically etched surfaces for x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3.
Figure 4
Figure 4
SEM-EDS elemental mapping indicating Bi3+ and Ca2+ segregation in the grains for composition x = 0.1.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Illustration of SEM-EDS elemental mapping for composition x = 0.5.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Relative permittivity measurements were taken for a range of frequencies x = 0.0–0.5.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a–f) Variation of Z″ spectra in the temperature range of 400–600 °C, inset from 25 (RT) to 350 °C for x = 0–0.5.
Figure 8
Figure 8
(a–d) Plots of complex impedance for x = 0–0.5 at 500 and 600 °C.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Logarithmic plots of conductivities versus T–1 for x = 0–0.5.
Figure 10
Figure 10
(a, b): Room-temperature polarization and strain field behavior for (a) 0–0.5 and (b) 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 at 1 Hz.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Williamson–Hall plots for BCT-BMT at x = 0, 0.2, and 0.5 ceramics.
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