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. 2023 Jun 15:10:1193558.
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1193558. eCollection 2023.

Comparative analysis of gut fungal composition and structure of the yaks under different feeding models

Yanbin Zhu  1   2   3   4 , Yangji Cidan  1 , Guangming Sun  1 , Xin Li  2 , Muhammad Akbar Shahid  5 , Zhaxi Luosang  2 , Zhaxi Suolang  2 , Lang Suo  2 , Wangdui Basang  1
Affiliations

Comparative analysis of gut fungal composition and structure of the yaks under different feeding models

Yanbin Zhu et al. Front Vet Sci. .

Abstract

The yaks that inhabit the Tibetan plateau are a rare breed that is closely related to local economic development and human civilization. This ancient breed may have evolved a unique gut microbiota due to the hypoxic high-altitude environment. The gut microbiota is susceptible to external factors, but research regarding the effects of different feeding models on the gut fungal community in yaks remains scarce. In this study, we compared and analyzed the composition and variability of the gut fungal community among wild yaks (WYG), house-feeding domestic yaks (HFG), and grazing domestic yaks (GYG). The results revealed that Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the most preponderant phyla in the gut fungal community, regardless of feeding models. Although the types of dominant fungal phyla did not change, their abundances did. Intergroup analysis of fungal diversity showed that the Shannon and Simpson indices of WYG and GYG were significantly higher than those of HFG. Fungal taxonomic analysis showed that there were 20 genera (Sclerostagonospora and Didymella) that were significantly different between WYG and GYG, and 16 genera (Thelebolus and Cystobasidium) that were significantly different between the WYG and HFG. Furthermore, the proportions of 14 genera (Claussenomyces and Papiliotrema) significantly decreased, whereas the proportions of eight genera (Stropharia and Lichtheimia) significantly increased in HFG as compared to GYG. Taken together, this study indicated that the gut fungal composition and structure differ significantly between yaks raised in different breeding groups.

Keywords: Qinghai-Tibet plateau; gut fungal community; gut microbiota; wild; yak.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sequencing data analysis and OTU distribution. Each colored curve in the rarefaction and rank abundance curves represents one sample. (A) The number of OTUs is indicated by different colored areas, and the middle area indicates the number of shared OTUs. (B) Rarefaction curve. (C) Rank abundance curve.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparative analysis of gut fungal diversity in yaks under different feeding models. The four indices including Chao1, ACE, Shannon, and Simpson were used to assess alpha diversity. (A) Chao1 index. (B) ACE index. (C) Shannon index. (D) Simpson index. (E, F) Gut fungal beta diversity was assessed by PCoA plots. Data are presented as means ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The abundance of dominant fungal phyla and genera in the gut fungal community of yaks under different feeding models. (A) The abundance of dominant fungal phyla. (B) The abundance of dominant fungal genera. The abundance of different fungal phyla or genera is represented by different colors and the height of the histogram.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Heatmap of the abundant fungal genera in the WYG, HFG, and GYG. The abundance of different fungal genera is represented by different colors.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Detection of differentially abundant taxon using LEfSe and LDA scores. (A) Differential fungi and phylogenies are represented by a cladogram. (B) Differential fungi of yaks under different feeding models are represented by LDA scores.
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