Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Jul 6;19(7):e1011450.
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011450. eCollection 2023 Jul.

Anti-influenza A virus restriction factors that shape the human species barrier and virus evolution

Philipp Peter Petric  1   2 , Martin Schwemmle  1   2 , Laura Graf  1   2
Affiliations

Anti-influenza A virus restriction factors that shape the human species barrier and virus evolution

Philipp Peter Petric et al. PLoS Pathog. .
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. How zoonotic IAVs can overcome anti-IAV restriction factors.
Avian IAVs are poorly adapted to the human host. This species barrier prevents individual infections (1). Deficiencies of anti-IAV restriction factors or defects in their activation like loss of IFN induction or signaling required for the expression of antiviral ISGs can increase the susceptibility of individual humans to zoonotic IAVs (2). Zoonotic IAVs can also exploit different adaptation strategies to evade antiviral restriction factors including the acquisition of escape mutations (3) or replication enhancing mutations resulting in highly potent NS1 variants antagonizing the IFN response (4) or increased viral polymerase activity (5). Created with BioRender.com. IAV, influenza A virus; IFN, interferon; ISG, IFN-stimulated gene.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Wang D, Zhu W, Yang L, Shu Y. The Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenicity of Human Infections with Avian Influenza Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2021;11(4). doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038620 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ciminski K, Chase GP, Beer M, Schwemmle M. Influenza A Viruses: Understanding Human Host Determinants. Trends Mol Med. 2021;27(2):104–112. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.09.014 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hennig C, Graaf A, Petric PP, Graf L, Schwemmle M, Beer M, et al.. Are pigs overestimated as a source of zoonotic influenza viruses? Porcine Health Manag. 2022;8(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s40813-022-00274-x - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Long JS, Mistry B, Haslam SM, Barclay WS. Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(2):67–81. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0115-z - DOI - PubMed
    1. McKellar J, Rebendenne A, Wencker M, Moncorge O, Goujon C. Mammalian and Avian Host Cell Influenza A Restriction Factors. Viruses. 2021;13(3). doi: 10.3390/v13030522 - DOI - PMC - PubMed