A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of dyslipidaemia among adults in Malaysia

Abstract

Dyslipidaemia is an established cardiovascular risk factor. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of dyslipidaemia in Malaysian adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis of all cross-sectional, longitudinal observational studies which reported the prevalence of elevated total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides (TG), and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) in adults 18 years old and older, was conducted. A comprehensive search of PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (which included Medline, EMBASE and major trial registers) from inception to October 18, 2022, was performed. Risk-of-bias was evaluated using the Johanna-Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool, while certainty of evidence was assessed using an adapted version of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using MetaXL. This report follows the PRISMA reporting guidelines. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020200281). 26 556 studies were retrieved and 7 941 were shortlisted initially. From this, 70 Malaysian studies plus two studies from citation searching were shortlisted; 46 were excluded, and 26 were included in the review (n = 50 001). The pooled prevalence of elevated TC (≥ 5.2 mmol/L), elevated LDL-c (≥ 2.6 mmol/L), elevated TG (≥ 1.7 mmol/L), and low HDL-c (< 1.0 mmol/L in men and < 1.3 mmol/L in women) were 52% (95% CI 32-71%, I² = 100%), 73% (95% CI 50-92%, I² = 100%), 36% (95% CI 32-40%, I² = 96%), and 40% (95% CI 25-55%, I² = 99%), respectively. This review found that the prevalence of all dyslipidaemia subtypes is high in Malaysian adults. Ongoing efforts to reduce cardiovascular diseases in Malaysia should integrate effective detection and treatment of dyslipidaemia.

Figure 1

Study flow diagram. From: Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021; 372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71. For more information, visit: http://www.prisma-statement.org/.

Figure 2

Forest Plot Showing Prevalence of Elevated Total Cholesterol (TC ≥ 5.2 AND > 5.2) in Community-based Studies and Hospital or Clinic-based Studies.

Figure 3

Forest Plot Showing Prevalence of Elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c ≥ 2.6) in Hospital or Clinic-based Studies.

Figure 4

Forest Plot Showing Prevalence of Elevated Triglycerides (TG ≥ 1.7 & > 1.7) in Community-based Studies and Hospital or Clinic-based Studies.

Figure 5

Forest Plot Showing Prevalence of Low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c < 1 in men & < 1.3 women) in Community-based Studies and Hospital or Clinic-based Studies.