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. 2024 Jan;38(1):179-184.
doi: 10.1038/s41433-023-02655-0. Epub 2023 Jul 7.

The risk of development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in a group of ethnically diverse pregnant women with diabetes attending three regional Diabetic Eye Screening Programs in the UK

Kirsty Clarke  1   2 , Laura Webster  3 , Susanne Althauser  4 , John Anderson  5 , Irene Stratton  6 , Anna Brackenridge  7 , Samantha S Mann  7   3
Affiliations

The risk of development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in a group of ethnically diverse pregnant women with diabetes attending three regional Diabetic Eye Screening Programs in the UK

Kirsty Clarke et al. Eye (Lond). 2024 Jan.

Abstract

Background/objectives: Currently, all pregnant women with diabetes are asked to attend screening at least twice during pregnancy, even if no retinopathy is detected in early pregnancy. We hypothesise that for women with no diabetic retinopathy in early pregnancy, the frequency of retinal screening may be safely reduced.

Subjects/methods: In this retrospective cohort study, data for 4718 pregnant women attending one of three UK Diabetic Eye Screening (DES) Programmes between July 2011 and October 2019 was extracted. The women's UK DES grades at 13 weeks gestation (early pregnancy) and 28 weeks gestation (late pregnancy) were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to report baseline data. Ordered logistic regression was used to control for covariates, such as age, ethnicity, diabetes duration, and diabetes type.

Results: Of the women with grades recorded for both early and late pregnancy, a total of 3085 (65.39%) women had no retinopathy in early pregnancy, and 2306 (74.7%) of these women did not develop any retinopathy by 28 weeks. The number of women without retinopathy in early pregnancy who developed referable retinopathy was 14 (0.45%), none of whom required treatment. Diabetic Retinopathy in early pregnancy remained a significant predictor of DES grade in late pregnancy when covariates of Age, Ethnicity, and Diabetes Type were controlled for (P < 0.001).

Conclusions: In summary, this study has demonstrated that the burden of managing diabetes for pregnant mothers may be safely reduced by limiting the number of diabetic eye screening appointments in women who have no retinal changes in early pregnancy. Screening of women with retinopathy in early pregnancy should continue in line with current UK guidance.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. A flow diagram depicting the participant selection and inclusion process.
As shown in the flow diagram, 5114 women were initially identified from the OptoMize Screening Database, and 3539 (69%) of these women met the study inclusion criteria.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Reasons given for patients missing their second screening appointment.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme Feature Based Grading Classification, Updated 27 August 2021.