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. 2023 Jun 20;23(12):5754.
doi: 10.3390/s23125754.

Smart Chemical Sensor and Biosensor Networks for Healthcare 4.0

Lawrence He  1 , Mark Eastburn  1 , James Smirk  1 , Hong Zhao  2
Affiliations

Smart Chemical Sensor and Biosensor Networks for Healthcare 4.0

Lawrence He et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Driven by technological advances from Industry 4.0, Healthcare 4.0 synthesizes medical sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), big data, the Internet of things (IoT), machine learning, and augmented reality (AR) to transform the healthcare sector. Healthcare 4.0 creates a smart health network by connecting patients, medical devices, hospitals, clinics, medical suppliers, and other healthcare-related components. Body chemical sensor and biosensor networks (BSNs) provide the necessary platform for Healthcare 4.0 to collect various medical data from patients. BSN is the foundation of Healthcare 4.0 in raw data detection and information collecting. This paper proposes a BSN architecture with chemical sensors and biosensors to detect and communicate physiological measurements of human bodies. These measurement data help healthcare professionals to monitor patient vital signs and other medical conditions. The collected data facilitates disease diagnosis and injury detection at an early stage. Our work further formulates the problem of sensor deployment in BSNs as a mathematical model. This model includes parameter and constraint sets to describe patient body characteristics, BSN sensor features, as well as biomedical readout requirements. The proposed model's performance is evaluated by multiple sets of simulations on different parts of the human body. Simulations are designed to represent typical BSN applications in Healthcare 4.0. Simulation results demonstrate the impact of various biofactors and measurement time on sensor selections and readout performance.

Keywords: Healthcare 4.0; Industry 4.0; biosensors; blood flow velocity; body chemical sensors and biosensor networks (BSNs); chemical sensors; heel inflammation; monitoring time; runner’s knee; sensor; shin splints; successful number of readouts; tennis elbow; wearable data collector; wearable devices.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Key elements in Healthcare 4.0.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Body sensor network.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Major layers in BSN information processing.
Figure 4
Figure 4
BSN performance for tennis elbow injury monitoring.
Figure 5
Figure 5
BSN performance for monitoring a group of injuries.
Figure 6
Figure 6
BSN performance in different monitoring times.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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