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. 2023 Mar 26;14(4):736.
doi: 10.3390/mi14040736.

Seed Priming with Glutamic-Acid-Functionalized Iron Nanoparticles Modulating Response of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Mung Bean) to Induce Osmotic Stress

Tauheed Ul Haq  1 , Rehman Ullah  1 , Muhammad Nauman Khan  2   3 , Moona Nazish  4 , Saeedah Musaed Almutairi  5 , Rabab Ahmed Rasheed  6
Affiliations

Seed Priming with Glutamic-Acid-Functionalized Iron Nanoparticles Modulating Response of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Mung Bean) to Induce Osmotic Stress

Tauheed Ul Haq et al. Micromachines (Basel). .

Abstract

Rising soil salinity is a major concern for agricultural production worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. To improve salt tolerance and the productivity of economic crop plants in the face of future climatic changes, plant-based solutions are required to feed the continuously increasing world population. In the present study, we aimed to ascertain the impact of Glutamic-acid-functionalized iron nanoparticles (Glu-FeNPs) on two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of mung beans with different concentrations (0, 40 mM, 60 mM, and 80 mM) of osmotic stress. The result of the study showed that vegetative growth parameters such as root and shoot length, fresh and dry biomass, moisture contents, leaf area, and the number of pods per plant were significantly decreased with osmotic stress. Similarly, biochemicals such as protein, chlorophylls, and carotenes contents also significantly declined under induced osmotic stress. The application of Glu-FeNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.05) restored both the vegetative growth parameters and biochemical contents of plants under osmotic stress. The pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Glu-FeNPs significantly ameliorated the tolerance level of Vigna radiata to osmotic stress by optimizing the level of antioxidant enzymes and osmolytes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and proline contents. Our finding indicates that Glu-FeNPs significantly restore the growth of plants under osmotic stress via enhancing photosynthetic activity and triggering the antioxidation system of both varieties.

Keywords: Glu-FeNPs; inorganic fertilizers; mung bean; osmotic stress; seed priming.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scanning electron micrograph of Glu-FeNPs showing spherical morphology and polydisperse size distribution with size ranging from 23 to 52 nm.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy of Glu-FeNPs showing signals for elemental iron making core of FeNPs with other elements associated with surfactant.
Figure 3
Figure 3
X-ray Diffraction analysis of Glu-FeNPs showing intensities at different 2θ levels corresponding to different Bragg’s planes of FCC lattice.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Infrared spectral analysis of Glu-FeNPs showing vibrational stretches of functional groups associated with glutamic acid, capping the FeNPs core.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of Glu-FeNPs on seedling growth performance: plumule growth (a) and radical growth (b) of two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of Vigna radiata under various levels of NaCl-based osmotic stress.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of Glu-FeNPs on shoot length (a) and root length (b) of two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of Vigna radiata under various levels of NaCl-based osmotic stress.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Effect of Glu-FeNPs on shoot fresh (a) and shoot dry biomasses (b) of two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of Vigna radiata under various levels of NaCl-based osmotic stress.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Effect of Glu-FeNPs on fresh (a) and dry biomasses (b) of root of two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of Vigna radiata under various levels of NaCl-based osmotic stress.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Effect of Glu-FeNPs on leaf length (a) and leaf width (b) of two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of Vigna radiata under various levels of NaCl-based osmotic stress.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Effect of Glu-FeNPs on fresh biomass (a) and dry biomass (b) of leaves of two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of Vigna radiata under various levels of NaCl-based osmotic stress.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Effect of Glu-FeNPs on number of leaves/plant (a) and number of pods/plant (b) of two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of Vigna radiata under various levels of NaCl-based osmotic stress.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Effect of Glu-FeNPs on chlorophyll a content (a) and chlorophyll b content (b) of two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of Vigna radiata under various levels of NaCl-based osmotic stress.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Effect of Glu-FeNPs on soluble sugar content (a) and protein content (b) of two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of Vigna radiata under various levels of NaCl-based osmotic stress.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Effect of Glu-FeNPs on carotenoids (a) and proline (b) contents of two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of Vigna radiata under various levels of NaCl-based osmotic stress.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Effect of Glu-FeNPs on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., SOD (a) and POD (b), of two varieties (NM-92 and AZRI-2006) of Vigna radiata under various levels of NaCl-based osmotic stress.
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