Revisiting recent trends in stroke death rates, United States, 1999-2020

Abstract

Background: Prior studies have reported a reversal or stalling of stroke mortality trends in the United States, but the literature has not been updated using recent data. A comprehensive examination of contemporary trends is crucial to informing public health intervention efforts, setting health priorities, and allocating limited health resources. This study assessed the temporal trends in stroke death rates in the United States from 1999 through 2020.

Methods: We used national mortality data from the Underlying Cause of Death files in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER). Stroke decedents were identified using the International Classification of Diseases Codes, 10th Revision- I60-I69. Crude/age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) were abstracted overall and by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and US census region. Joinpoint analysis and five-year simple moving averages assessed mortality trends from 1999 through 2020. Results were expressed as annual percentage changes (APC), average annual percentage changes (AAPC), and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results: Stroke mortality trends declined from 1999 to 2012 but increased by 0.5% annually from 2012 through 2020. Rates increased by 1.3% per year among Non-Hispanic Blacks from 2012 to 2020, 1.7% per year among Hispanics from 2012 to 2020, and stalled among Non-Hispanic Whites (2012-2020), Asians/Pacific Islanders (2014-2020), and American Indians/Alaska Natives (2013-2020). Recent rates have stalled among females from 2012 to 2020 and increased among males at an annual rate of 0.7% during the same period. Based on age, trends have stabilized among older adults since 2012 and grew at an annual rate of 7.1% among persons <35 years and 5.2% among persons 35 to 64 years since 2018. Declining trends were sustained in the Northeastern region only, with rates stalling in the Midwest and increasing in the South and West.

Conclusions: The decline in US stroke mortality trends recorded during previous decades has not been sustained in recent years. While the reasons are unclear, findings might be attributed to changes in stroke risk factors in the US population. Further research should identify social, regional, and behavioral drivers to guide medical and public health intervention efforts.

Keywords: Death; Joinpoint; Mortality; Stroke; Trends; United States.