Effect of 3-caffeoylquinic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal functions in weaned pigs

Abstract

Phenolic acid like with the 3-caffeoylquini acid (3-CQA) is formed by caffeic acid and qunic acid. This study was conducted to explore the effect of 3-CQA on growth performance and intestinal functions in weaned pigs. A total of 180 weaned pigs were randomly allocated into five treatments with 6 replicate pens per treatment (6 pigs per pen). Pigs in the control group (CON) were fed with basal diet (BD), and the others in the experimental groups were fed with BD and supplemented with 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg 3-CQA. On day 43, the blood sample-collected pigs in the CON and optimal-dose group (only based on growth performance) were picked, and housed in metabolism cages (a total of 12 pigs, N = 6). 3-CQA increased the feed efficiency from days 21 to 42 of the trial and throughout the trial (P < 0.05). 3-CQA increased the serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, and total cholesterol (P < 0.05). Moreover, 3-CQA supplementation at 25 mg/kg increased the apparent digestibility of DM, energy, and ash (P < 0.05). Interestingly, 3-CQA decreased the crypt depth but increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). Moreover, 3-CQA also increased the activities of sucrase, lactase, and catalase in the jejunal mucosa, and increased the activities of alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). 3-CQA also increased the abundance of secretory immunoglobulin A in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). Importantly, 3-CQA not only elevated the expression levels of critical functional genes such as the zonula occludens-1 , occludin, solute carrier family 7 , and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the duodenum but also elevated the expression levels of divalent metal transporter-1 and Nrf2 in the jejunum (P < 0.05). These results suggested a positive effect of 3-CQA supplementation on the growth and intestinal functions of weaned pigs. The mechanisms of action may be associated with elevated anti-oxidant capacity and improved intestinal barrier functions.

Keywords: 3-caffeoylquinic acid; anti-oxidant capacity; growth performance; intestinal functions; nutrient digestibility; weaned pigs.

Figure 1.

Effect of 3-CQA supplementation on intestinal morphology in pigs (H&E, × 100) (phase 2¹). ¹On day 43, the blood sample-collected pigs in the CON and diet supplemented 25 mg/kg 3-CQA group (only based on growth performance) were picked out, and housed in metabolism cages (a total of 12 pigs, N = 6). Intestinal samples were collected on day 47. Abbreviations: CON, pigs were fed with a basal diet\.

Figure 2.

Effects of 3-CQA supplementation on mucosal sIgA concentration in pigs (phase 2¹). ¹On day 43, the blood sample-collected pigs in the CON and diet supplemented 25 mg/kg 3-CQA group (only based on growth performance) were picked out, and housed in metabolism cages (a total of 12 pigs, N = 6). Intestinal samples were collected on day 47. Abbreviations: CON, pigs were fed a basal diet. Different letters above the bars (a, b) indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05) of mucosal sIgA concentration between the two treatments.

Figure 3.

Effects of 3-CQA supplementation on expression levels of critical genes related to intestinal epithelium functions in pigs (phase 2¹). ¹On day 43, the blood sample-collected pigs in the CON and diet supplemented 25 mg/kg 3-CQA group (only based on growth performance) were picked out, and housed in metabolism cages (a total of 12 pigs, N = 6). Intestinal samples were collected on day 47. Abbreviations: CON, pigs were fed a basal diet. Different letters above the bars (a, b) indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05) of gene expression between the two treatments.