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. 2023 Sep;47(9):1722-1735.
doi: 10.1111/acer.15144. Epub 2023 Jul 18.

The trauma experiences of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Developmental outcomes utilizing a threat/deprivation child adversity framework

Madeline N Rockhold  1 , Carson Kautz-Turnbull  1 , Elizabeth D Handley  1 , Christie L M Petrenko  1
Affiliations

The trauma experiences of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Developmental outcomes utilizing a threat/deprivation child adversity framework

Madeline N Rockhold et al. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken). 2023 Sep.

Abstract

Background: Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) experience heightened rates of childhood trauma and adversity. Research has examined the negative impact adverse childhood experiences have on developmental outcomes. This study aims to take the field a step further by examining the details of traumatic events, including duration, perpetrator, whether the event significantly impacted the child, and trauma subtype. Subtype is examined using threat/deprivation dimensions and their relation to child behavior and the caregiver-child relationship.

Methods: A sample of 84 children aged 4-12 with FASD, all in out-of-home placements, and their families took part in an emotion coaching intervention study. At baseline, caregivers completed questionnaires assessing child trauma, child emotion regulation and behavior, caregiver emotion socialization, and caregiver-child relationships. We used analysis of covariance to examine the differing impacts of threat, deprivation, and a combination of the two on behavioral outcomes, while controlling for age. We also used Pearson's r correlations, controlling for age, to examine whether the duration of threat or deprivation exposure was related to child outcomes.

Results: Descriptive statistics showed that 87.5% of individuals experienced three or more subtypes of trauma. The average duration of all subtypes was 1.62 years, with a mean onset of 3.94 years. Biological parents were the most common perpetrator. There were significantly worse behavioral and caregiver-child relationship outcomes for children experiencing a combination of threat and deprivation trauma. A r correlations, controlling for age, demonstrated longer duration of deprivation was associated with greater cognitive difficulties.

Conclusions: We found unique patterns of behavior in children with FASD when analyzing the impact of traumatic experiences through a threat/deprivation framework. The combination of both threat and deprivation experiences leads to worse outcomes overall. Additionally, vital details surrounding the traumatic experiences point to crucial areas for intervention, including caregiver-child relationships.

Keywords: FASD; early life adversity; fetal alcohol; prenatal alcohol exposure; trauma.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Traumatic event frequencies, total and affected percentages.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Perpetrator by type of trauma.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Differences by child trauma subtypes in child/Caregiver relationship. *p < 0.05.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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