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. 2023 Jun 22:11:1194908.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1194908. eCollection 2023.

eHealth literacy was associated with anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Oluwadamilare Akingbade  1   2 , Khadijat Adeleye  3 , Oluwadamilola Agnes Fadodun  4 , Israel Opeyemi Fawole  2   5 , Jiaying Li  6 , Edmond Pui Hang Choi  6 , Mandy Ho  6 , Kris Yuet Wan Lok  6 , Janet Yuen Ha Wong  7 , Daniel Yee Tak Fong  6 , Oluwabunmi Ogungbe  8
Affiliations

eHealth literacy was associated with anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

Oluwadamilare Akingbade et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Electronic health (eHealth) literacy may play an important role in individuals' engagement with online mental health-related information.

Aim: To examine associations between eHealth literacy and psychological outcomes among Nigerians during the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among Nigerians conducted using the 'COVID-19's impAct on feaR and hEalth (CARE) questionnaire. The exposure: eHealth literacy, was assessed using the eHealth literacy scale, and psychological outcomes were assessed using the PHQ-4 scale, which measured anxiety and depression; and the fear scale to measure fear of COVID-19. We fitted logistic regression models to assess the association of eHealth literacy with anxiety, depression, and fear, adjusting for covariates. We included interaction terms to assess for age, gender, and regional differences. We also assessed participants' endorsement of strategies for future pandemic preparedness.

Results: This study involved 590 participants, of which 56% were female, and 38% were 30 years or older. About 83% reported high eHealth literacy, and 55% reported anxiety or depression. High eHealth literacy was associated with a 66% lower likelihood of anxiety (adjusted odds ratio aOR, 0·34; 95% confidence interval, 0·20-0·54) and depression (aOR: 0·34; 95% CI, 0·21-0·56). There were age, gender, and regional differences in the associations between eHealth literacy and psychological outcomes. eHealth-related strategies such as medicine delivery, receiving health information through text messaging, and online courses were highlighted as important for future pandemic preparedness.

Conclusion: Considering that mental health and psychological care services are severely lacking in Nigeria, digital health information sources present an opportunity to improve access and delivery of mental health services. The different associations of e-health literacy with psychological well-being between age, gender, and geographic region highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions for vulnerable populations. Policymakers must prioritize digitally backed interventions, such as medicine delivery and health information dissemination through text messaging, to address these disparities and promote equitable mental well-being.

Keywords: COVID-19; Nigeria; anxiety; depression; eHealth literacy; mental health—state of emotional and social well-being; pandemic preparedness; psychological outcomes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A–D) Age, gender and geographical region and healthcare worker status differences in the association between eHealth Literacy and Psychological outcomes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Adjusted gender differences between eHealth literacy and anxiety and depression (Bonferroni adjusted).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Adjusted age differences between eHealth literacy and anxiety and depression (Bonferroni adjusted).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Adjusted regional differences between eHealth literacy and anxiety and depression (Bonferroni adjusted).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Participants’ endorsement of eHealth-related strategies for future pandemic preparedness.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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